Input-to-state stability

Consider a time-invariant system of ordinary differential equations of the form {{NumBlk|:| \dot{x} = f(x,u), \ x(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n, |}} where u:\mathbb{R}_+ \to \mathbb{R}^m is a Lebesgue measurable essentially bounded external input and f is a Lipschitz continuous function w.r.t. the first argument uniformly w.r.t. the second one. This ensures that there exists a unique absolutely continuous solution of the system (). To define ISS and related properties, we exploit the following classes of comparison functions. We denote by \mathcal{K} the set of continuous increasing functions \gamma:\R_+ \to \R_+ with \gamma(0)=0 and \mathcal{L} the set of continuous strictly decreasing functions \gamma:\R_+ \to \R_+ with \lim_{r\to\infty} \gamma(r) = 0 . Then we can denote \beta \in \mathcal{K}\mathcal{L} as functions where \beta(\cdot,t) \in \mathcal{K} for all t \geq 0 and \beta(r,\cdot) \in \mathcal{L} for all r > 0 . System () is called globally asymptotically stable at zero (0-GAS) if the corresponding system with zero input {{NumBlk|:| \dot{x} = f(x,0), \ x(t) \in \mathbb{R}^n, |}} is globally asymptotically stable, that is there exist \beta \in \mathcal{K}\mathcal{L} so that for all initial values x_0 and all times t \geq 0 the following estimate is valid for solutions of () System () is called input-to-state stable (ISS) if there exist functions \gamma \in \mathcal{K} and \beta \in \mathcal{K}\mathcal{L} so that for all initial values x_0 , all admissible inputs u and all times t \geq 0 the following inequality holds The function \gamma in the above inequality is called the gain. Clearly, an ISS system is 0-GAS as well as BIBO stable (if we put the output equal to the state of the system). The converse implication is in general not true. It can be also proved that if \lim_{t\rightarrow \infty} |u(t)| = 0, then \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} |x(t)| = 0 . == Characterizations of input-to-state stability property ==

For an understanding of ISS its restatements in terms of other stability properties are of great importance. System () is called globally stable (GS) if there exist \gamma, \sigma \in \mathcal{K} such that \forall x_0 , \forall u and \forall t \geq 0 it holds that System () satisfies the asymptotic gain (AG) property if there exists \gamma \in \mathcal{K} : \forall x_0 , \forall u it holds that {{NumBlk|:| \limsup_{t \to \infty}|x(t)| \leq \gamma(\|u\|_{\infty}). |}} The following statements are equivalent for sufficiently regular right-hand side f 1. () is ISS 2. () is GS and has the AG property 3. () is 0-GAS and has the AG property The proof of this result as well as many other characterizations of ISS can be found in the papers == ISS-Lyapunov functions ==

: An important tool for the verification of ISS are ISS-Lyapunov functions. A smooth function V: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}_+ is called an ISS-Lyapunov function for (), if \exists \psi_1,\psi_2 \in \mathcal{K}_{\infty} and \alpha,\chi \in \mathcal{K} , such that: :: \psi_1(|x|) \leq V(x) \leq \psi_2(|x|), \quad \forall x \in \mathbb{R}^n and \forall x \in \mathbb{R}^n, \; \forall u\in \mathbb{R}^m it holds: :: |x| \geq \chi(|u|) \ \Rightarrow \ \nabla V \cdot f(x,u) \leq -\alpha(|x|), The function \chi is called Lyapunov gain. If a system () is without inputs (i.e. u \equiv 0), then the last implication reduces to the condition :: \nabla V \cdot f(x,u) \leq -\alpha(|x|),\ \forall x \neq 0, which tells us that V is a "classic" Lyapunov function. An important result due to E. Sontag and Y. Wang is that a system () is ISS if and only if there exists a smooth ISS-Lyapunov function for it. == Examples ==

Consider a system :: \dot{x}=-x^3+ux^2. Define a candidate ISS-Lyapunov function V:\R \to \R_+ by V(x)=\frac{1}{2}x^2, \quad \forall x \in \R. \dot{V}(x)=\nabla V \cdot (-x^3+ux^2) = -x^4 + ux^3. Choose a Lyapunov gain \chi by :: \chi(r):= \frac{1}{1-\epsilon}r . Then we obtain that for x,u:\ |x| \geq \chi(|u|) it holds :: \dot{V}(x) \leq -|x|^4 + (1-\epsilon)|x|^4 = -\epsilon|x|^4. This shows that V is an ISS-Lyapunov function for a considered system with the Lyapunov gain \chi. == Interconnections of ISS systems ==

One of the main features of the ISS framework is the possibility to study stability properties of interconnections of input-to-state stable systems. Consider the system given by {{NumBlk|:| \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{i}=f_{i}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n},u),\\ i=1,\ldots,n. \end{array} \right. |}} Here u \in L_{\infty}(\R_+,\R^m), x_{i}(t)\in \R^{p_i} and f_i are Lipschitz continuous in x_i uniformly with respect to the inputs from the i-th subsystem. For the i-th subsystem of () the definition of an ISS-Lyapunov function can be written as follows. A smooth function V_{i}:\R^{p_{i}} \to \R_{+} is an ISS-Lyapunov function (ISS-LF) for the i-th subsystem of (), if there exist functions \psi_{i1},\psi_{i2}\in\mathcal{K}_{\infty}, \chi_{ij},\chi_{i}\in \mathcal{K}, j=1,\ldots,n, j \neq i, \chi_{ii}:=0 and a positive-definite function \alpha_{i}, such that: :: \psi_{i1}(|x_{i}|)\leq V_{i}(x_{i})\leq\psi_{i2}(|x_{i}|),\quad \forall x_{i}\in \R^{p_{i}} and \forall x_{i}\in \R^{p_{i}},\; \forall u\in \R^m it holds :: V_i(x_{i})\geq\max\{ \max_{j=1}^{n}\chi_{ij}(V_{j}(x_{j})),\chi_{i}(|u|)\} \ \Rightarrow\ \nabla V_i (x_i) \cdot f_{i}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n},u) \leq-\alpha_{i}(V_{i}(x_{i})). Cascade interconnections Cascade interconnections are a special type of interconnection, where the dynamics of the i-th subsystem does not depend on the states of the subsystems 1,\ldots,i-1. Formally, the cascade interconnection can be written as :: \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \dot{x}_{i}=f_{i}(x_{i},\ldots,x_{n},u),\\ i=1,\ldots,n. \end{array} \right. If all subsystems of the above system are ISS, then the whole cascade interconnection is also ISS. In contrast to cascades of ISS systems, the cascade interconnection of 0-GAS systems is in general not 0-GAS. The following example illustrates this fact. Consider a system given by {{NumBlk|:| \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \dot{x}=-x + yx^2, \\ \dot{y}=-y. \end{array} \right. |}} Both subsystems of this system are 0-GAS, but for sufficiently large initial states (x_0,y_0) and for a certain finite time t^* it holds x(t) \to \infty for t \to t^*, i.e. the system () exhibits finite escape time, and thus is not 0-GAS. Feedback interconnections The interconnection structure of subsystems is characterized by the internal Lyapunov gains \chi_{ij}. The question, whether the interconnection () is ISS, depends on the properties of the gain operator \Gamma:\R_{+}^{n}\rightarrow\R_{+}^{n} defined by :: \Gamma(s):=\left(\max_{j=1}^{n}\chi_{1j}(s_{j}),\ldots,\max_{j=1}^{n}\chi_{nj}(s_{j})\right),\ s\in\R_{+}^{n}. The following small-gain theorem establishes a sufficient condition for ISS of the interconnection of ISS systems. Let V_{i} be an ISS-Lyapunov function for i-th subsystem of () with corresponding gains \chi_{ij}, i=1,\ldots,n. If the nonlinear small-gain condition {{NumBlk|:| \Gamma(s)\not\geq s,\ \forall\ s\in\R_{+}^{n}\backslash\left\{ 0\right\} |}} holds, then the whole interconnection is ISS. Small-gain condition () holds iff for each cycle in \Gamma (that is for all (k_1,...,k_p) \in \{1,...,n\}^p, where k_1=k_p) and for all s>0 it holds :: \gamma_{k_1k_2} \circ \gamma_{k_2k_3} \circ \ldots \circ \gamma_{k_{p-1}k_p} (s) The small-gain condition in this form is called also cyclic small-gain condition. == Related stability concepts ==

Integral ISS (iISS) : System () is called integral input-to-state stable (ISS) if there exist functions \alpha, \gamma \in \mathcal{K} and \beta \in \mathcal{K}\mathcal{L} so that for all initial values x_0 , all admissible inputs u and all times t \geq 0 the following inequality holds In contrast to ISS systems, if a system is integral ISS, its trajectories may be unbounded even for bounded inputs. To see this put \alpha(r)=\gamma(r)=r for all r \geq 0 and take u \equiv c= const. Then the estimate () takes the form :: and the right hand side grows to infinity as t \to \infty . As in the ISS framework, Lyapunov methods play a central role in iISS theory. A smooth function V: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}_+ is called an iISS-Lyapunov function for (), if \exists \psi_1,\psi_2 \in \mathcal{K}_{\infty} , \chi \in \mathcal{K} and positive-definite function \alpha, such that: :: \psi_1(|x|) \leq V(x) \leq \psi_2(|x|), \quad \forall x \in \mathbb{R}^n and \forall x \in \mathbb{R}^n, \; \forall u\in \mathbb{R}^m it holds: :: \dot{V} = \nabla V \cdot f(x,u) \leq -\alpha(|x|) + \gamma(|u|). An important result due to D. Angeli, E. Sontag and Y. Wang is that system () is integral ISS if and only if there exists an iISS-Lyapunov function for it. Note that in the formula above \alpha is assumed to be only positive definite. It can be easily proved, that if V is an iISS-Lyapunov function with \alpha \in \mathcal{K}_{\infty}, then V is actually an ISS-Lyapunov function for a system (). This shows in particular, that every ISS system is integral ISS. The converse implication is not true, as the following example shows. Consider the system :: \dot{x}=-\arctan{x} + u. This system is not ISS, since for large enough inputs the trajectories are unbounded. However, it is integral ISS with an iISS-Lyapunov function V defined by :: V(x)=x \arctan{x}. Local ISS (LISS) : An important role are also played by local versions of the ISS property. A system () is called locally ISS (LISS) if there exist a constant \rho>0 and functions \gamma \in \mathcal{K} and \beta \in \mathcal{K}\mathcal{L} so that for all x_0 \in \mathbb{R}^n: \; |x_0| \leq \rho , all admissible inputs u: \|u\|_{\infty} \leq \rho and all times t \geq 0 it holds that An interesting observation is that 0-GAS implies LISS. Other stability notions Many other related to ISS stability notions have been introduced: incremental ISS, input-to-state dynamical stability (ISDS), input-to-state practical stability (ISpS), input-to-output stability (IOS) etc. == ISS of time-delay systems ==

Consider the time-invariant time-delay system {{NumBlk|:| \dot{x}(t)=f(x^t,u(t)), \quad t > 0. |}} Here x^t\in C([-\theta,0];\R^N) is the state of the system () at time t, x^t(\tau)=x(t+\tau),\ \tau\in[-\theta,0] and f:C([-\theta,0];\R^N) \times \R^m satisfies certain assumptions to guarantee existence and uniqueness of solutions of the system (). System () is ISS if and only if there exist functions \beta\in \mathcal{KL} and \gamma\in\mathcal{K} such that for every \xi\in C(\left[-\theta,0\right],\R^N), every admissible input u and for all t\in\R_+, it holds that {{NumBlk|:| \left|x(t)\right|\leq \beta(\left\|\xi\right\|_{\left[-\theta,0\right]},t) + \gamma(\left\|u\right\|_{\infty}). |}} In the ISS theory for time-delay systems two different Lyapunov-type sufficient conditions have been proposed: via ISS Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions and by ISS Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. For converse Lyapunov theorems for time-delay systems see. == ISS of other classes of systems ==

Input-to-state stability of the systems based on time-invariant ordinary differential equations is a quite developed theory, see a recent monograph. and hybrid systems. In the last time also certain generalizations of ISS concepts to infinite-dimensional systems have been proposed. == External links ==