,
Estonia Nightlife has been a vibrant area of research for
sociologists. Nightlife establishments including pubs, bars, and nightclubs function as
third places, according to
Ray Oldenburg in
The Great Good Place. Some sociologists have argued that vibrant city nightlife scenes contribute to the development of culture as well as political movements. David Grazian cites as examples the development of
beat poetry, musical styles including
bebop,
urban blues and early rock, and the importance of nightlife for the development of the
gay rights movement in the United States kicked off by the
riots at the Stonewall Inn nightclub in
Greenwich Village,
Lower Manhattan,
New York City. There is debate about the degree to which nightlife contributes positively to
social capital and the public goods of society. David Grazian points out that nightlife can "replicate the same structures of race, ethnic, and class inequality and exclusion found in the larger society." Grazian cites the use of dress codes by some nightlife establishments in the United States—mostly nightclubs—that specifically targets clothing popularized by hip hop culture represents a form of informal discrimination and segregation on racial grounds. He also noted that nightclubs and club culture can create an environment that encourage or tolerate the "harassment and degradation of women," citing the expectation that both female workers and patrons of bars and nightclubs engage in highly sexualized performances of femininity including dressing in a particularly sexual manner in order to gain entrance to clubs. == Modernity impact ==