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Inverted pyramid (architecture)

In architecture, an inverted pyramid is a structure in the shape of an upside-down pyramid.

Examples
Boston City Hall In terms of the time it was built and opened, the earliest inverted pyramid building dates back to Boston City Hall in 1968. It was designed by the architecture firms Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty and Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles. Architects draws on examples of medieval Italian town halls and the Boston's 19th-century granite structures. It replaced the old town hall and is still in use today. 222 Jarvis Street The 222 Jarvis Street, as an office building in Toronto, was completed in 1971. It was designed by architect Maxwell Miller. The brutalist-style building is currently being used as the headquarters of Sears Canada, which is a department store chain. Rainier Tower The Rainier Tower, which is a skyscraper, was built in 1977 and was designed by Minoru Yamasaki. This skyscraper is the tallest building to date to contain an inverted pyramid structure, which is a concrete pedestal base. The designer Yamasaki mentioned that this structure provides a larger space for the ground shopping plaza while preserving the green plants. Pyramid on Central The Pyramid on Central was built in 1979 and designed by architect Thomas Hite. It has five floors and totals . From now on, it still been using as an official building in Phoenix, AZ. Hong Kong Coliseum The Hong Kong Coliseum was completed in August 1981 and opened in 27th April 1983. It was designed by Chinese architect Shaoxiong Bao. It shaped like a diamond or an upside-down pyramid, and has 12,500 seats without any pillars. Since the opening period, hundreds of celebrities have come to the coliseum to hold concerts. Slovak Radio Building The Slovak Radio Building, located in Bratislava, was completed in 1983 and the architects were Barnabáš Kissling, Štefan Svetko and Štefan Ďurkovič. The height of the building reach . As a concert hall, it has 522 seats with concert organ and has had regular broadcasting since 1985. Egyptian Embassy The Egyptian Embassy, located in Abu Dhabi, was built in 1986 and designed by Egyptian architect Abdul Rahman Makhlouf. It has built up area. The Architecture was expressed by granite stepped upside-down pyramid, reflecting a traditional Egyptian style design. Louvre Inverted Pyramid The Louvre Inverted Pyramid (Pyramide Inversée) is a skylight constructed in the underground shopping mall. The glass pyramid designed and built by I.M. Pei is high and wide at the bottom, standing in the center of the courtyard. Its four sides are made up of six hundred and seventy-three pieces of diamond-shaped glass. The total floor area is about . The total weight of the tower is 200 tons, of which the net weight of glass is 105 tons, and the metal support is only 95 tons. In other words, the load on the stand exceeds its own weight. It was advanced to the final of Benedictus Awards in 1995. Tokyo Big Sight The Tokyo International Exhibition Center, also known as Tokyo Big Sight, is an exhibition centre in Tokyo, designed by AXS Satow Architectural group. It is located in Koto District, Tokyo, Japan, with a total exhibition area of more than . It is the largest exhibition venue in Japan and one of the most famous tourist attractions in Japan. Tokyo Big Sight was built in 1995 and mainly consists of conference building, east exhibition building, west exhibition building and other related facilities. Hanoi Museum The Hanoi Museum, located in Vietnam, was designed by GMP Architekten and built in 2010. As a museum, it represents the artifact of Hanoi over 1000 years, and it also displays the culture and heritage of Vietnam. The total area of the building is nearly 1772 ft. == Limitations ==
Limitations
Inverted pyramids, with their narrow bases, are inherently less stable than more traditional structures. This poses engineering challenges, notably for high-precision manufacturing of materials. Outer structural elements are usually made lighter than the strong core, particularly for structures subjected to earthquakes or high winds. == Criticism ==
Criticism
Inverted pyramids are often criticized for their unusual aesthetics; the Slovak Radio Building, in particular, has appeared on lists of the world's ugliest buildings. Architects designing such structures have been accused of deliberately breaking established design principles for shock value and publicity. Structures like Boston City Hall, acclaimed by architects for its unconventional style, remain unpopular with the public for their perceived "inhumanity". == Tourism ==
Tourism
Iconic buildings have an enduring presence character, promoting the development of the tourism industry. At the same time, the tourism economy of regions with unique buildings will also be improved accordingly. Although most architects do not prioritize the tourism effect of a building when designing, it is undeniable that the unique appearance of a building can bring additional tourism value. As a unique architectural style, the inverted pyramid building can also produce certain benefits for the tourism industry. The Hong Kong Coliseum, as a building opened for use in 1984, has held many large-scale projects such as concerts, music festivals, and university gatherings without interruption. The financial returns of the Hong Kong Coliseum have been at a high level, attracting tourists from all over the world. Among them, between 1992 and 1993, the utilization rate was as high as 91%, and there were more than 2 million paying customers. Tokyo Big Sight hosts about 300 events every year and is visited by about 14 million tourists from all over the world. It hosts about 300 events every year and is visited by about 14 million tourists from all over the world. In order to cope with such a huge passenger flow, Tokyo Big Sight is about 30 minutes away from Tokyo Station, and about 15 minutes away from Haneda Airport. At the same time, about 4,700 accommodations have been opened around Tokyo Big Sight. == Gallery ==
Gallery
File:Hanoi Museum 01a.JPG|Hanoi Museum File:Hong Kong Coliseum 2008.jpg|Hong Kong Coliseum File:Louvre museum's inverted pyramid (cropped).jpg|Louvre Pyramide Inversée File:20030727 27 July 2003 Tokyo International Exhibition Center Big Sight Odaiba Tokyo Japan.jpg|Tokyo Big Sight File:Tempe Municipal Building-5.jpg|Tempe Municipal Building File:Sears Canada Building.JPG|222 Jarvis Street, Toronto File:Rainier Tower Seattle Washington.jpg|Rainier Tower, Seattle File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|Slovak Radio Building, Bratislava File:Pyramid on Central, Phoenix AZ USA - panoramio.jpg|Pyramid on Central, Phoenix AZ File:Boston City Hall exterior 02.jpg|Boston City Hall File:Egyptian Embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.jpg|Egyptian embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates File:Inverted pyramid (12706433913).jpg|alt=|The Inverted Pyramid Pier, St Petersburg. Officially closed in May 2013 and later demolished == References ==
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