IPA Braille

The 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet are the same as in international braille: In addition, there are the following dedicated letters: Following a pattern found in many national alphabets, a few braille letters are reversed to represent a similar letter: thus reversed produces . The choice for may reflect the shape of that letter in print. Many of the vowels are used for modified vowels in national alphabets, such as French Braille. A few other letters such as occur, but only as parts of digraphs. ==Modified letters==

Other IPA letters are indicated with digraphs or even trigraphs usinɡ 5th-decade letters (letters from the punctuation row). The component letter ".", for example, is equivalent to the tail of the retroflex consonants, deriving from the old IPA convention of a subscript dot for retroflex. It also marks vowels which in print are formed by rotating the letter. Similarly, is used to derive small capital variants, as well as (from ). "?" is used for hook tops, curly tails, and other loops; turned letters with tails; closed (from ), and . is used for fricatives written with Greek letters, using the English conventions for Greek letters in scientific notation. The basic braille letters and , which do not occur on their own in IPA usage, appear here. is also used with letters of the fifth decade for transcriber-defined symbols, which need to be specified for each text, as they have no set meaning. These are , , , , , , , , , . is used for barred vowels. is used for other hooks, as in flaps, as well as a couple barred and turned letters. is used for click letters. These are far more legible in braille than in print, and there is no distinction from the old click letters. Ligatures, regardless of whether these are written with a tie bar or as actual ligatures in print, are indicated by dot 5, so and are both . This includes the historic ligatures and . Ejectives are written as ligatures with an apostrophe, , so is . == Diacritics ==

IPA Braille diacritics are written in two cells. The first indicates the position: whether superscript, mid-line, or subscript. , for example, is the tilde. is therefore nasal , is creaky-voiced , and is pharyngealized . As noted above, dot 5 is used for the tie bar; the only diacritics which use it are the rhotic and ejective (apostrophe) diacritics seen above, and the velar/pharyngeal tilde just illustrated. In other cases, such as the ring for voiceless , a diacritic may superscript or subscript with no change in meaning. The distinction is therefore not necessary in braille, but can be maintained if the text is to be transliterated into print. The wedge, which indicates voicing when below a letter, can be placed above to represent Americanist notation such as and . The placement dot distinguishes the tilde from the letter , and the ring from the letter . Many diacritics are identical in form to the corresponding symbols in Unified English Braille, but always follow the letter in IPA Braille. When there is more than one diacritic, they are written in the order lowest to highest. Superscript letters are simply the superscript placement dot plus the base letter. So: , , , , , , , etc., though not all superscript letters are possible. The other diacritics are as follows; any of these may be modified by a change in placement: The high and low falling-tone diacritics are extrapolated from the rising-tone diacritics, the dipping tone by analogy with the peaking tone and the generic rising and falling tones. == Non-combining modifiers ==

marks tone letters, stress, and prosody. There is no general provision for IPA tone letters. Ligatures which did not happen to have been chosen as illustrations in the 2005 edition of the IPA summary chart, such as the Mandarin dipping tone and various other tones used in the IPA Handbook, are not covered. The high and low falling tone letters above are extrapolated from the high and low rising tone letters. transcribes peaking (rising–falling) tones in general, and so has no exact print equivalent; the parallel dipping tone may be expected from the patterns elsewhere. There is no explicit provision for use of the ligature mark to create additional tone letters, nor whether the tone-marker would need to be repeated for each component. == Punctuation and code switching ==

The only punctuation which is defined is the period (syllable break, full stop), comma (pause), hyphen (morpheme break), and rightward arrow (phonological realization). For all other punctuation, you must opt out of IPA coding. The primary indication of IPA coding are the brackets, square or slash depending on whether the transcription is phonetic or phonemic. These are marked by : opts out of IPA. A single instance indicates that the following cell is to be read in the national orthography. Doubled, , it indicates that the following string is to be read in orthography, up to the opt-in indicator , which marks the end of the non-IPA passage. These are only used for non-IPA (or nonstandard IPA) strings within IPA brackets. An example is the use of parentheses to mark an optional consonant or vowel, since parentheses are not defined for IPA Braille. ==Notes==