The Fort Irwin area has a history dating back almost 15,000 years, when
Native Americans of the
Lake Mojave Period were believed to have lived in the area. Native American settlements and pioneer explorations in the area were first recorded when the Spanish missionary Padre
Francisco Garces traveled the
Mohave Trail with
Mohave Indian guides in 1776. During his travels, he noted several small bands of Indians, and is believed to have been the first European to make contact with the Native Americans of the area.
Jedediah Smith is thought to have been the first European American to explore the area in 1826. A fur trapper, Smith was soon followed by other pioneers traveling the
Old Spanish Trail between Santa Fe and Los Angeles. The trail crossed the area on the eastern edge of Fort Irwin, between
Salt Spring and the
Mojave River. The Old Spanish Trail passed through
Silurian Valley, then west through the
Avawatz Mountains at
Red Pass and beyond the
playa of
Red Pass Lake, through a gap between the
Soda and
Tiefort Mountains to Bitter Spring in a wash in the next valley.
Bitter Spring was the only reliable watering and grazing place along the route. From Bitter Spring the trail led southwest climbing
Alvord Mountain to cross
Impassable Pass to descend
Spanish Canyon and cross the plains to the location of
Fork of the Road on the north side of the
Mojave River where it met the
Mohave Trail. In 1844, Captain
John C. Fremont, accompanied by
Kit Carson, was the first member of the US Army to visit the Fort Irwin area. Captain Fremont established a camp near Bitter Springs as he pioneered a route that served travelers on the Old Spanish Trail, and later the
Mormon Road, linking Salt Lake City to California. This camp was later to become an important water and grazing place for pioneers crossing the Mojave Desert during California's settlement and gold rush. The
California Gold Rush brought prosperous trade and unexpected trouble to the area. As California grew, and more travelers and freighters used the Mormon Road to cross the territory between California and Utah, raids and horse stealing became a problem. In 1847, the Army's
Mormon Battalion patrolled the Fort Irwin area to control the raiding and horse stealing. By 1855 it became part of the route of the freight wagon road between
Los Angeles and
Salt Lake City. During the
Bitter Spring Expedition in 1860 the Army constructed
Camp Bitter Springs, a small stone fort overlooking Bitter Spring and patrolled the Fort Irwin area. In the 1880s the area experienced an economic boom with the discovery of
borax at
Death Valley. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the area began to grow tremendously as mining operations of all types flourished. Soon railroads, workers, and businesses led to the establishment of the nearby town of
Barstow. The years following the Indian Wars were quiet militarily. In 1940, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt established the
Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range, a military reservation of approximately in the area of the present Fort Irwin. In 1942, the Mojave Anti-Aircraft Range was renamed Camp Irwin, in honor of Major General
George LeRoy Irwin, commander of the
57th Field Artillery Brigade during
World War I, and it was subsumed into the
Desert Training Center as one of its cantonment areas and some of its ranges. Two years later, Camp Irwin was deactivated and placed on surplus status. In 1951, Camp Irwin reopened its gates as the Armored Combat Training Area, and served as a training center for combat units during the
Korean War. Regimental tank companies of the
U.S. 43d Infantry Division from
Camp Pickett, Virginia were the first to train at the new facility. In August 1961, the garrison was designated a permanent installation and renamed Fort Irwin. During the Vietnam buildup, many units, primarily artillery and engineer, trained and deployed from Fort Irwin. In January 1971, the garrison was deactivated again and placed in maintenance status under the control of
Fort MacArthur (Los Angeles), California. The
California National Guard assumed responsibility for the garrison and from 1972 to 1980, Fort Irwin was used primarily as a training area by
Army National Guard and
U.S. Army Reserve units.
National Training Center patrol the California desert during a training mission. On 9 August 1979, the Department of the Army announced that Fort Irwin had been selected as
National Training Center (NTC). The location – an isolated area – was ideal because of its over capacity for maneuver and ranges, its uncluttered electromagnetic spectrum, and its restricted airspace. The National Training Center was officially activated 16 October 1980, and Fort Irwin was transferred from the
California Army National Guard back to the
Regular Army returning into active status on 1 July 1981. The NTC was unique in its training approach in the use of
Real Time Location System (originally a General Dynamics microwave transponder system; later replaced by GPS); the use of lasers to simulate direct fire (including small arms); and the use of real time interactive computer models for indirect fire along with Air to Ground and Ground to Air missile systems. Originally developed as a prototype by the US Army's Fort Hunter-Liggett with Systems and Software design the
BDM, the NTC system was the first to augment
After Action Reviews of training exercises with video and maneuver overlays including time stamped combat events. Since its activation, the NTC has witnessed many other firsts. Among the first units to train against the
Opposing Force (OPFOR) were 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry and 1st Battalion 77th Armor, 4th Infantry Division (Mech) from
Fort Carson, Colorado in Spring 1978 as a proof of concept FX for establishing Irwin as the NTC, the 3rd Battalion 67th Armor, 2nd Armored Division from
Fort Hood, Texas in operation TASK FORCE IRWIN III, 1 Aug – 14 Sept, 1979, and 3rd Brigade,
1st Cavalry Division from Fort Hood, Texas in spring 1981. Ft Irwin and the 1st CAV tested and implemented the
Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES). Infantry and armor units first augmented the Opposing Force in 1984 as a detachment of the 7th infantry Division,
Fort Ord CA. June 1985 saw the first use of
M1 Abrams tanks and later in the fall of 1985 saw the
M2 Bradley fighting vehicles on the NTC battlefield. The first armored cav. squadron rotation occurred in November 1984. Units from the
101st Airborne Division participated in the first light force rotation in March 1985. The
197th Infantry Brigade participated in the first extended rotation with brigade operations in June 1985. The first combined Light/Mechanized Infantry rotation took place in February 1990; the
7th Infantry Division (Light) from Fort Ord and the
24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) from
Fort Stewart, Georgia participated. The first
MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) mission was conducted at the NTC Pioneer Training Facility in December 1993. ==Opposing Forces (OPFOR)==