In 1983, the
Association of American Publishers (AAP), a coalition of book and journal publishers in North America, initiated efforts to create an
SGML application named
AAP DTD for academic publishing. In 1988, the AAP DTD became the
American National Standards Institute's
Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup (ANSI/NISO Z39.59) standard. Being based on the
ASCII character encoding standard, it includes a large set of entity definitions for special characters. identifying three document types in the field of publishing: Book, Serial Publication, and Article, for each of which the revised specification offers a DTD. The AAP and the
European Physical Society (EPS) further collaborated on a standard method for marking up tables and mathematical notation in scientific documents. edited the specification for adoption by the
International Organization for Standardization as ISO 12083, first published in 1993, revised in 1994 and last reconfirmed in 2016. ISO 12083 specifies four DTDs: Article, Book, Serial, and Math. In 1995, concurrent with the withdrawal of ANSI/NISO Z39.59:1988, ANSI/ISO 12083 was adopted as U.S. standard ANSI/NISO/ISO 12083-1995 (R2009) Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup. This U.S. standard was withdrawn in 2016. == Usage ==