Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria

In the early 1870s, the Italian (Royal Navy) began a construction program to counter the Austro-Hungarian Navy that had defeated it at the Battle of Lissa in 1866. The program consisted of several very large turret ships, beginning with the s, which provided the basis for the , though the new ships incorporated several advancements, including improved guns and more effective compound armor. was long overall and had a beam of and an average draft of . She displaced normally and up to at full load. The ship had a short forecastle, connected by a hurricane deck to a raised sterncastle. Her superstructure included a small conning tower with a bridge on the forecastle. The ship was fitted with a single, heavy military mast placed amidships. She had a crew of 507–509 officers and men. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound marine steam engines each driving a single screw propeller. Steam was supplied by eight coal-fired, cylindrical fire-tube boilers that were vented through a pair of widely spaced funnels at the ends of the hurricane deck. Her engines produced a top speed of at . She could steam for at a speed of . was armed with a main battery of four 27-caliber guns, mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette. She carried a secondary battery of two Cannon 152/32 Model 1887| 32-cal. guns, one at the bow and the other at the stern, and four 32-cal. guns; two of these were placed side by side behind the bow 152 mm gun, and the other two were mounted side by side on the aft superstructure. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she carried five torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. She was protected by steel armor; her belt armor was thick, and her armored deck was thick. The deck sloped downward at the sides to provide additional protection against incoming fire. Her conning tower was armored with of steel plate on the sides. The barbette had of steel armor. ==Service history==

Construction – 1895 was laid down at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 3 August 1881 and launched on 9 August 1884. She was not completed for another three and a half years, her construction finally being finished on 1 February 1888. Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century, her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service. The year after she entered service, the British began building the , the first pre-dreadnought battleships, which marked a significant step forward in capital ship design. In addition, technological progress, particularly in armor production techniques—first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor—rapidly rendered older vessels like obsolete. The ship served with the 1st Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclad , which served as the divisional flagship, the torpedo cruisers and , and four torpedo boats. During the maneuvers, which lasted from 6 August to 5 September, the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet. Beginning on 14 October 1894, the Italian fleet, including , assembled in Genoa for a naval review held in honor of King Umberto I at the commissioning of the new ironclad . The festivities lasted three days. In 1895, , the ironclad , and the torpedo cruiser were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet in the Reserve Squadron. At the time, the ships of the Reserve Squadron were based in La Spezia. joined the ironclads , , and and the cruisers , , and for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895. Later that year, the squadron stopped in Germany for the celebration held to mark the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. 1897–1945 In February 1897, the Great Powers formed the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, , Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897–1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. deployed to Cretan waters as part of the Italian contribution to the squadron. In March 1897, she broke up a threat to Ottoman Army forces by Cretan insurgents at Heraptera (now Ierapetra) by threatening to bombard the insurgents. For the periodic fleet maneuvers of 1897, was assigned to the First Division of the Reserve Squadron, which also included the ironclads and and the protected cruiser . The following year, the Reserve Squadron consisted of , , , and five cruisers. In 1899, , , , and took part in a naval review in Cagliari for the Italian King Umberto I, which included a French and British squadron as well. That year, and her two sisters served in the Active Squadron, which was kept in service for eight months of the year, with the remainder spent with reduced crews. The Squadron also included the ironclads , , and . In 1900, and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats. These included a pair of guns, ten 40-caliber guns, twelve guns, five 37 mm revolver cannon, and two machine guns. In 1905, and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three s and , three cruisers, and sixteen torpedo boats. This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers, and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews. During the annual training maneuvers in October 1906, a severe storm swept a man overboard, drowning him. During a gunnery competition held during the maneuvers, s gunners came in last place. In 1908, the Italian Navy decided to discard and her sister . The former was stricken from the naval register on 11 November 1909. The ship was then converted into a floating oil depot. She was renamed GM45 and stationed at La Spezia until 1943, when she was sunk in shallow water by an air raid during World War II. Her wreck was scrapped after the end of the war in 1945. ==Notes==