Iterator pattern

The Iterator design pattern is one of the 23 well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse. What problems can the Iterator design pattern solve? • The elements of an aggregate object should be accessed and traversed without exposing its representation (data structures). • New traversal operations should be defined for an aggregate object without changing its interface. Defining access and traversal operations in the aggregate interface is inflexible because it commits the aggregate to particular access and traversal operations and makes it impossible to add new operations later without having to change the aggregate interface. What solution does the Iterator design pattern describe? • Define a separate (iterator) object that encapsulates accessing and traversing an aggregate object. • Clients use an iterator to access and traverse an aggregate without knowing its representation (data structures). Different iterators can be used to access and traverse an aggregate in different ways. New access and traversal operations can be defined independently by defining new iterators. See also the UML class and sequence diagram below. ==Definition==

The essence of the Iterator Pattern is to "Provide a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.". == Structure ==

UML class and sequence diagram In the above UML class diagram, the Client class refers (1) to the Aggregate interface for creating an Iterator object (createIterator()) and (2) to the Iterator interface for traversing an Aggregate object (next(), hasNext()). The Iterator1 class implements the Iterator interface by accessing the Aggregate1 class. The UML sequence diagram shows the run-time interactions: The Client object calls createIterator() on an Aggregate1 object, which creates an Iterator1 object and returns it to the Client. The Client uses then Iterator1 to traverse the elements of the Aggregate1 object. UML class diagram == Example ==

Some languages standardize syntax. C++ and Python are notable examples. C++ C++ implements iterators with the semantics of pointers in that language. In C++, a class can overload all of the pointer operations, so an iterator can be implemented that acts more or less like a pointer, complete with dereference, increment, and decrement. This has the advantage that C++ algorithms such as std::sort can immediately be applied to plain old memory buffers, and that there is no new syntax to learn. However, it requires an "end" iterator to test for equality, rather than allowing an iterator to know that it has reached the end. In C++ language, we say that an iterator models the iterator concept. This C++23 implementation is based on chapter "Generalizing vector yet again". import std; template using InitializerList = std::initializer_list; using OutOfRangeException = std::out_of_range; template using UniquePtr = std::unique_ptr; class DoubleVector { private: UniquePtr elements; size_t listSize; public: using Iterator = double*; nodiscard Iterator begin() const noexcept { return elements; } nodiscard Iterator end() const noexcept { return elements + listSize; } DoubleVector(InitializerList list): elements{std::make_unique(list.size())}, listSize{list.size()} { double* p = elements; for (auto i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); ++i, ++p) { *p = *i; } // alternatively implemented with // std::ranges::copy(list, elements.get()) } ~DoubleVector() = default; nodiscard size_t size() const noexcept { return listSize; } nodiscard double& operator[](size_t n) { if (n >= listSize) { throw OutOfRangeException("DoubleVector::operator[] out of range!"); } return elements[n]; } DoubleVector(const DoubleVector&) = delete; // disable copy construction DoubleVector& operator=(const DoubleVector&) = delete; // disable copy assignment }; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { DoubleVector v = {1.1 * 1.1, 2.2 * 2.2}; for (const double& x : v) { std::println("{}", x); } for (size_t i = v.begin(); i != v.end(); ++i) { std::println("{}", *i); } for (size_t i = 0; i The program output is 1.21 4.84 1.21 4.84 1.21 4.84 terminate called after throwing an instance of 'OutOfRangeException' what(): DoubleVector::operator[] out of range! == See also ==