Early years Bossuet was born at
Dijon. He came from a family of prosperous
Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal sides, his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century. He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet, a judge of the
parlement (a provincial high court) at Dijon, and Marguerite Mouchet. His parents decided on a career in
the Church for their fifth son, so he was
tonsured at age eight. The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans, a
classical school run by the
Jesuits of Dijon. When his father was appointed to the
parlement at
Metz, Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet d'Aiseray, a renowned scholar. At the Collège des Godrans, he gained a reputation for hard work: fellow students nicknamed him
Bos suetus aratro, an "ox accustomed to the plough". His father's influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a
canonry in the
cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old. in
Metz, where Bossuet was made a
canon at age 13 in 1640. In 1642, Bossuet enrolled in the
Collège de Navarre in
Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology. the theologian whose denunciation of
Antoine Arnauld at the
Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the
Jansenist controversy. For the time being, however, Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms. In 1643, Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the
Hôtel de Rambouillet, a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the
Précieuses. Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life. On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet, during a dispute about extempore preaching, the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm.
Vincent Voiture famously quipped: "I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late." after which he began to preach his first sermons. He sustained his second thesis (
sorbonica) on 9 November 1650. Then, in preparation for the
priesthood, he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Saint
Vincent de Paul at Saint Lazare in Paris. In Paris, the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste; if a preacher wished to catch their ear, he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well-bred. Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest, Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest. The narrative element in Bossuet's sermons grew shorter with each year. He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival
Louis Bourdaloue. He would not write out his discourses in full, much less learn them off by heart: of the two hundred printed in his works, all but a fraction are rough drafts. Ladies such as
Mme de Sévigné forsook him when
Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669, though
Fénelon and
La Bruyère, two much sounder critics, refused to follow their example. Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator: voice, language, flexibility, and strength. He never needed to strain for effect; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought, the feeling, and the word. What he said of
Martin Luther applied peculiarly to himself: he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion. These qualities reached their highest point in the
Oraisons funèbres (
Funeral Orations). Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas; besides, here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him from giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject. The
Oraison, as its name betokened, stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch. At least that was what Bossuet made it; for on this field, he stood not merely first, but alone. 137 of Bossuet's sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant, and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost. Apart from state occasions, Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669.
Tutor to the Dauphin, 1670–1681 A favourite of the court, in 1669 Bossuet was gazetted
bishop of Condom in
Gascony without being obliged to reside there. He was
consecrated bishop on 21 September 1670, but he resigned the see when he was elected to the
Académie française in 1671. (1661–1711), only surviving legitimate son of
Louis XIV (1638–1715). Bossuet served as his tutor 1670–1681. On 18 September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old
Dauphin, eldest child of
Louis XIV. The choice was scarcely fortunate. Bossuet unbent as far as he could, but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child; and the dauphin was a choleric, ungainly, sullen boy. Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a
Bavarian princess. Still, Bossuet's nine years at court were by no means wasted. Bossuet's tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction, including not just handwriting samples, but also manuals of philosophy, history, and religion fit for a future
King of France. Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics. First came the
Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ("Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Oneself") (1677), then the ''Discours sur l'histoire universelle
("Discourse on Universal History") (1679, published 1682), and lastly the Politique tirée de l'Écriture Sainte
("Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture") (1679, published 1709). The three books fit into each other. The Traité
is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man. The Discours'' is a history of God's dealings with humanity in the past. The
Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings. Bossuet's conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon. Then, too, the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed, to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights. The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties, but his son, the
Petit Dauphin, would bear them in mind. The tutor's imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into
Utopia, with a Christian philosopher on the throne. That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms: "''le roi, Jesus-Christ et l'Eglise, Dieu en ces trois noms''" ("the king, Jesus Christ, and the Church, God in His three names"), he says in a characteristic letter. The object of his books was to provide authority with a rational basis. Bossuet's worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason – what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself. The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple. Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs. History shows that this governance is, for the most part, indirect, exercised through certain venerable corporations, as well civil and ecclesiastical, all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God. Thus all revolt, whether civil or religious, is a direct defiance of the Almighty.
Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster, and the
revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine. The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war; the France of his adulthood, brought together under an absolute sovereign, had suddenly burgeoned into a splendour comparable only with ancient Rome. Why not, then, strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time? Bossuet's own ''Discours sur l'histoire universelle
might have furnished an answer, for there the fall of many empires is detailed; but then the Discours'' was composed with a single purpose in mind. To Bossuet, the establishment of
Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world. He totally ignores the history of
Islam and
Asia; on
Greece and
Rome, he only touched insofar as they formed part of the
Praeparatio Evangelica. Yet his
Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet. While
Pascal might refer to the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors' veins, Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes. It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it. Bossuet, accordingly, made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes, and in this way, his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories.
Bishop of Meaux, 1681–1704 With the period of the Dauphin's formal education ending in 1681, Bossuet was appointed
Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681, which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November. But before he could take possession of his see, he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and
Pope Innocent XI. Here he found himself in a quandary: to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits, and he hated their supposed
casuistry and
dévotion aisée almost as much as
Pascal; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV, who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State. Therefore, Bossuet attempted to steer a middle course. In 1682, before the
General Assembly of the French Clergy, he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise. As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an
anti-papal declaration, Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could, and when the Pope declared it null and void, he set to work on a gigantic
Defensio Cleri Gallicani, only published after his death. Throughout this controversy, unlike the court bishops, Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration.
Efforts to combat Protestantism The Gallican storm a little abated, he turned back to a project very near his heart. Ever since the early days at
Metz, he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church. In 1668, he converted
Turenne; in 1670, he published an
Exposition de la foi catholique ("Exposition of the Catholic Faith"), so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste. Finally, in 1688, his great
Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ("History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches"), perhaps the most brilliant of all his works, appeared. Few writers could have made the
Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible. His argument is simple enough. Without rules, an organised society cannot hold together, and rules require an authorised interpreter. The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that, the longer they lived, the more they varied on increasingly important points. The Protestant Minister
Pierre Jurieu having responded to the
Histoire des variations, Bossuet published the ''Avertissements aux protestants sur les lettres du ministre Jurieu contre l'Histoire des variations
(Warnings to Protestants on the Letters of Minister Jurieu against the History of Variations
, 1689–1691). In the fifth of these Avertissements
(1690), he denied the thesis of the explicit or implicit contract between the prince and his subjects, which Jurieu supported, and formulated the famous sentence: "To condemn this state [= slavery], it would not only be condemn the law of nations, where servitude is admitted, as it appears by all the laws; but that would be to condemn the Holy Spirit, who commands slaves, through the mouth of St. Paul, to remain in their state, and does not oblige their masters to free them." Flaubert, in his Sottisier'', noted that in the 19th century, Catholic theology had varied to the point of expressing ideas on slavery diametrically opposed to those of Bossuet. For the moment, the Protestants were pulverised; but before long, they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil. Between 1691 and 1701, Bossuet corresponded with
Leibniz with a view to reunion, but negotiations broke down precisely at this point. Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines, but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today. He expressed preference for a church eternally variable and forever moving forwards. Next, Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Rome's own variations; and here, they were backed up by
Richard Simon, a priest of the
Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France. He accused
St Augustine, Bossuet's own special master, of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace. Bossuet set to work on a
Defense de la tradition, but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still. Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions, such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux, he claimed his right to interpret the
Bible like any other book. Bossuet denounced him again and again; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more. Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still. Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence, but
Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether. It was blasphemous, he argued, to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established. Bossuet might scribble
nova, mira, falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor. These repeated checks soured Bossuet's temper. In his earlier controversies, he had borne himself with great
magnanimity, and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court. His approval of the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving
dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux, but now his patience was waning. A dissertation by one Father Caffaro, an obscure Italian monk, became his excuse for writing certain, violent
Maximes sur la comédie (1694), wherein he made an attack on the memory of
Molière, dead more than twenty years.
Controversy with Fénelon (1651–1715), Bossuet's final rival Three years later, he was battling with Bishop
François Fénelon over the love of God. Fénelon, 24 years his junior, was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival; like Bossuet, Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor. The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of
Jeanne Guyon: her ideas were similar to the
Quietism of
Molinos, which was condemned by
Pope Innocent XI in 1687. When
Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyon's opinions, an ecclesiastical commission of three members, including Bossuet, was appointed to report on the matter. The commission issued 34 articles known as the ''Articles d'
Issy'', which condemned Mme Guyon's ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox, Catholic conception of prayer. Fénelon, who had been attracted to Mme Guyon's ideas, signed off on the Articles, and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment. Bossuet now composed ''Instructions sur les états d'oraison
, a work that explained the Articles d'Issy
in greater depth. Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise, however, and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles d'Issy
, his Explication des Maximes des Saints''. He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object, with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God. King
Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons' tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the
Maximes des Saints. Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the
Inquisition finally condemned the
Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699.
Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation. Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Rome's determination of the matter.
Death Until he was over 70 years, Bossuet enjoyed good health, but in 1702 he developed chronic
kidney stones. Two years later he was a hopeless invalid, and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly. His funeral oration was given by
Charles de la Rue, SJ. He was buried at
Meaux Cathedral. ==Preaching==