In
1954, he was elected to Congress as a Democratic member of the House of Representatives from Texas'
12th district, which included Fort Worth and Weatherford. He won despite the fervid opposition of
Fort Worth Star-Telegram publisher
Amon G. Carter, who supported incumbent Democrat
Wingate Lucas. Wright would be re-elected fourteen times, gradually rising in prominence in the party and in Congress. He developed a close relationship with Amon G. Carter Jr., and often repeated the axiom that the easiest way to "defeat an enemy is to make him your friend." and voted in favor of the
Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and
1968. Wright voted against the initial House resolution for the
Civil Rights Act of 1957 on June 18, 1957, but voted in favor of the Senate amendment to the bill on August 27, 1957. Wright voted in favor of the House amendment to the
Voting Rights Act of 1965 on July 9, 1965, but did not vote on the
joint conference committee report on August 3, 1965. Wright voted against the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. The bill required desegregation of public accommodations and established the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and Wright's reason for not supporting the bill had to do with the voting rights provision of the law, which Wright enthusiastically supported, and felt the Civil Rights Act was weak without the right to vote granted to all citizens. It was signed into law by Wright's friend, President Johnson. Wright would later vote in favor of the
bill establishing
Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a
federal holiday in August 1983 as well as lead the
House Democratic Caucus as Speaker in March 1988 to override
President Reagan's veto of the
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987. In the
Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, Jim Wright is infamous for the
Wright Amendment, a contentious law he sponsored that restricted air travel from Dallas' secondary airport,
Love Field. Passed in 1979, the
Wright Amendment was originally designed to protect the then-fledgling
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. The Amendment allows non-stop flights originating from or bound to any commercial airport within of the DFW Airport Control Tower to serve only states bordering Texas. It was the compromise agreed to with Southwest Airlines to expand their territory beyond Texas. This requires any flight going to or coming from a destination within that radius (
Dallas Love Field and the now-defunct
Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth were the only airports affected) to land in a contiguous (bordering) state before continuing on to its destination. This effectively limited traffic from Love Field and GSIA to small, regional airlines (and provided the springboard for the later success of
Southwest Airlines, which initially flew only within Texas) who were largely unable to compete with DFW Airport as a result. While the Amendment was welcomed at first, there were increasing doubts about its necessity as DFW grew into one of the three largest airports in the world. Many saw it as a boondoggle to benefit one particular group. Others saw it as an unlawful restraint of trade imposed against the two affected airports, and no others, in spite of the fact that public officials of Dallas and Ft Worth had agreed to the restrictions (Virginia McGuire, daughter of James C. Wright, direct conversation). However, the largest opposition came increasingly from people who simply felt that the amendment had outlived its usefulness and was also an unwarranted intrusion on the free markets of the deregulated airline industry. In 2006, Congress passed the
Wright Amendment Reform Act of 2006, which repealed the Wright Amendment in stages; the last restrictions on travel from Love Field were lifted on October 13, 2014. Wright strongly supported the
Superconducting Super Collider project in
Waxahachie in
Ellis County,
Majority leader In 1971, Wright was appointed a Democratic deputy whip, picked for ideological balance. In this role, he was assigned responsibility for persuading Southern Democrats to support House Democratic leadership. Though Wright never chaired a House committee or a high-profile subcommittee, he used his outgoing personality to obtain commitments from friends and his two decades of seniority on the Public Works Committee to amass obligations from colleagues by helping secure funding for federal buildings, roads, highway interchanges, and water projects. These efforts left him well-positioned to campaign for a position in the House leadership when a vacancy occurred. In the December 1976 House Democratic leadership elections, Majority Leader
Tip O'Neill faced no opposition to succeed
Carl Albert as
Speaker of the House. The contest to succeed O'Neill included Wright,
Phillip Burton,
Richard Bolling, and
John McFall. Burton was assumed to be the frontrunner, and on the first ballot, he received 106 votes, Bolling 81, Wright 77, and McFall 31. According to Democratic caucus rules, the low finisher was obligated to withdraw, which McFall did. On the second ballot, Burton received 107 votes, Wright 95, and Bolling 93. With Bolling eliminated, on the third ballot, Wright won with 148 votes to 147 for Burton.
Speaker of the House . When the
100th Congress convened on January 6, 1987, Wright was elected
Speaker of the House (254–173 over Republican
Robert H. Michel), succeeding
Tip O'Neill, who had retired after 10 years in the post. At the time, Wright stated that being speaker of the House "is the greatest responsibility that can come to a lawmaker anywhere in the world." In July 1988, he chaired the
Democratic Party convention that nominated
Michael Dukakis for president. During that convention, Wright introduced
John F. Kennedy Jr. for Kennedy's first televised speech. While Dukakis lost the
1988 presidential election to Republican
George H. W. Bush, Democrats retained control of the House in the coinciding
congressional elections, thus when the
101st Congress opened on January 3, 1989, Wright was re-elected as speaker. According to historian
Julian E. Zelizer, the majority Democrats ran roughshod over the Republican (GOP) minority. They minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Firebrand Republican
Newt Gingrich argued that American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, was put aside as they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich gained support from the media and from good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, “morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt.” Gingrich did force out Wright, but after he became Speaker Gingrich was himself forced out and scandal ruined the careers of other top GOP leaders.
Aide controversy In May 1989, controversy arose when media reports revealed that Wright's top assistant, John Mack, had violently attacked a woman 16 years earlier. The woman, Pamela Small, was hit repeatedly with a hammer, stabbed and slashed with a knife and left for dead. Small survived the attack, and reported it to the police. Mack was convicted of malicious wounding and was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but was paroled after serving 27 months. Mack, whose brother was married to Wright's daughter, was given a clerk's job in the Capitol upon his release. He went on to become the executive director of the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee and served as Wright's chief legislative strategist. Critics, including feminist activist
Andrea Dworkin, alleged that Wright manipulated the legal system to get Mack off and, subsequently, protected him from media scrutiny. Amid the blistering public condemnation, John Mack resigned from his post on May 11,
Ethics investigation and resignation In 1988 Wright became the target of an inquiry by the
House Ethics Committee. Their report in early 1989 implied that he had used bulk purchases of his book,
Reflections of a Public Man, to earn speaking fees in excess of the allowed maximum, and that his wife, Betty, was given a
make work job and perks to avoid the limit on gifts. Faced with an increasing loss of effectiveness, Wright tendered his resignation as Speaker on May 31, 1989, the resignation to become effective on the selection of a successor. He was the first Speaker to resign because of a scandal. On June 6, the Democratic Caucus brought Wright's speakership to an end by selecting his replacement,
Tom Foley of
Washington, and on June 30 Wright resigned his seat in Congress. The incident was controversial and was a part of the increasing partisan infighting that has plagued the Congress ever since. The original charges were filed by
Newt Gingrich in 1988 and their effect propelled Gingrich's own career advancement to the Speaker's chair. Wright had not only criticized Reagan's policy, but taken the extremely unusual step of entering into negotiations with the Nicaraguan government as Speaker.
William K. Black claims that Wright's interventions in the
Savings and Loan (S&L) crisis "were decisive in forcing him to resign in disgrace from the House". Black wrote that Wright had been saved from financial ruin and elevated to
Speaker of the House by massive campaign contributions from
control frauds like
Charles Keating. The
control frauds managed to get hundreds of executives of S&Ls, many legitimate, to talk with their representatives in the US congress to delay effective governmental action against the frauds. This action only increased (a) the billions of dollars their ultimate failures cost the US taxpayers and (b) the magnitude of the resulting scandal. Wright's account of these facts was very different, citing both abuse of power by regulators, and money laundering by S&Ls in the profits diverted to Nicaragua in the Iran-Contra scandal. The scandal robbed Wright's Democratic party of the "sleaze factor" issue in the 1988 presidential election, thereby handing the election to the Republican
George H. W. Bush, according to Black. He resigned to avoid the official documentation of his role in this that would almost certainly have come from hearings by the
United States House Committee on Ethics, as it did for the
Keating Five. Wright's personal and public account of why he resigned was very different from that cited by William Black, who claimed Wright abused his power and certainly had reason to protect his own position and decisions at the Federal Home Loan Bank. The charges filed against Wright did not mention Nicaragua. The Iran-Contra operations from 1984 through most of 1986 involved the secret governmental support of Contra military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua, despite Congressional prohibition on the support. The Reagan White House was very involved in the sale of U.S. arms to Iran in contravention of stated U.S. policy and in possible violation of arms-export controls. In late November 1986, Reagan Administration officials announced that some of the proceeds from the sale of U.S. arms to Iran had been diverted to the Contras. President Bush's pardon of Secretary Weinberger on December 24, 1992, pre-empted a trial in which defense counsel indicated that they intended to call Bush as a witness. A report by special counsel implicated him in a number of influence peddling charges, such as Vernon Savings and Loan, and attempting to get
William K. Black fired as the deputy director of the
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) under Gray. However, the charges against him concluded that, "while the Congressman's dealings with representatives of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board may have been intemperate, the committee was not persuaded that there is reason to believe that he exercised undue influence in his dealings with that agency." ==Life after Congress==