Jarrahids

The Jarrahids intermittently held territory in Palestine, the Balqa plain east of the Jordan River, the Sharat mountains southeast of the Jordan, and the north Arabian mountain ranges of Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma. Their presence in Palestine was intermittent; they controlled the region in 977–981/82, 1011–1013, 1024–1029, During a period of conflict with the Fatimids, the Jarrahids had relocated to the vicinity of Palmyra in 1030 and in 1031 relocated their encampments to al-Ruj, an area between Antioch and Homs. ==History==

Beginnings The Jarrahids (Banu al-Jarrah) were the ruling clan of the Tayy tribe. The Jarrahids initially controlled fortresses in the Sharat mountains. The first member of the Banu al-Jarrah to be mentioned in the historical record was Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, an ally of the Qarmatians. He was based in al-Ramla, the center of Jund Filastin (District of Palestine). Reign of Muffarij and its surroundings in 1895. The Jarrahids under Mufarrij ibn Daghfal and his son Hassan intermittently governed, controlled or plundered Ramla in the late 10th and early 11th centuries Daghfal's son, Mufarrij, entered the historical record during the Fatimid struggle with Alptakin, a Qarmatian-backed Buyid commander who took over Damascus. In return for the Jarrahids' support, al-Aziz made Mufarrij wālī (governor) of Ramla. Abu Taghlib and his Uqaylid allies attacked Ramla in August, but were defeated and captured on 29 August by the Jarrahids, who by then regained Fadl's support. The latter requested Mufarrij hand over Abu Taghlib to Caliph al-Aziz, but fearing Abu Taghlib could be potentially used by the Fatimids against him, Mufarrij killed him and sent his head to the caliph instead. At that point, the Jarrahids controlled the entire interior of Palestine from the boundary with Egypt up to Tiberias. Ali and Mahmud surrendered to the advancing Fatimid army, while al-Hakim had Mufarrij poisoned to death. Hassan, as a representative of the Tayy, entered his tribe into an alliance with the Kalb under Sinan ibn Sulayman and the Kilab under Salih ibn Mirdas. Instead, Anushtakin took the initiative to extract taxes from Hassan's iqtaʿ at Bayt Jibrin and deprive him of the revenues, which ended with the killing of Anushtakin's soldiers. This escalated the conflict with the Jarrahids, particularly after Anushtakin imprisoned two of Hassan's chief aides in Ascalon. The Jarrahids and the Byzantines struck an alliance in 1030. Afterward, Hassan and his son Allaf are mentioned on occasion, such as their assistance in the Byzantine defense of Edessa from the Marwanids and Numayrids in 1035/36. As a result, Hassan was forced into confinement in Constantinople until 1040 as a means to prevent his tribe, with its unstable allegiances, from potentially attacking Antioch. According to Syrian historian Mustafa A. Hiyari, information on Rabi'a in the medieval sources is confused, though he most likely was an emir of Bedouin auxiliaries for the Burid ruler of Damascus, Toghtekin (r. 1103–1128). This prompted Toghtekin to expel Fadl from Syria, after which he formed an alliance with Sadaqa ibn Mansur, the chieftain of the Arab Mazyadid dynasty in Iraq, before defecting to the Seljuks. ==Descendants==

Fadl ibn Rabi'ah was the progenitor of the Al Fadl clan, while Mira and Faraj became the ancestors of the Al Mira and Al Faraj clans, respectively. Collectively, these clans formed the Banu Rabi'a, and together with their allies, they dominated the desert and steppe regions between the Euphrates valley in the north to the central Najd and northern Hejaz in the south. During Ayyubid rule in Syria (1182–1260), the emirs of Al Fadl and Al Faraj alternated as ''umara al-'ʿarab ("commanders of the Bedouin tribes"; sing. amir al-ʿarab). However, under the Mamluks (1260–1516), the post became hereditary within the house of Al Fadl, who had authority over the Bedouin of northern Syria and held numerous iqtaʿat'', including Palmyra, Salamiyah, Maarrat al-Nu'man, Sarmin and Duma. ==List of chieftains==