The slave category of the jarya—similar to the qiyan—rose to fame during the
Abbasid Caliphate era, The
Abbasid harem had thousands of jawari as well as concubines who were not always the same, and this was adopted by the harems of many other Islamic rulers, such as the rulers of the
Caliphate of Cordoba and the
Fatimid Caliphate. Though most scholarly attention has gone to courtly contexts, jawari were also present in non-courtly urban settings, including the homes of merchants and artisans, notably as domestic workers. A wide range of representations features jawari, including technical treatises and spiritual literature. ==Examples==