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Napoleon's first abdication

Napoleon's first abdication was a moment in French history when, in April 1814, the French emperor Napoleon was forced to relinquish power following his military defeat in the French campaign and his allies' invasion.

Military and political circumstances
Disagreeing with Tsar Alexander I of Russia over the future of Poland, Napoleon decided in 1812 to march against the Russian Empire. The Grande Armée crossed the River Neman in June and marched towards Moscow. To counter this aggression, a Sixth Coalition was formed between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Austrian Empire. Defeated by his adversaries and by harsh climate conditions, Napoleon was forced to make a retreat from Russia. Pushing their advantage against a weakened adversary, the coalition forced Napoleon to launch the German campaign in 1813. Victorious in the "Battle of the Nations" (Leipzig, October 1813), the Coalition armies set off for France on December 15.To the south, on the Iberian front, the situation was not much better: the Pyrenees offensive, launched on July 25 under the command of Marshal Soult, ended on August 2 with the withdrawal of the French army from the region and the entry into France of the troops of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. The French campaign also commenced at the same time. and receives full sovereignty over Elba along with an annuity of 2 million francs from the French government. == Suicide attempt ==
Suicide attempt
. Napoleon, who believed that the Allies would separate him from Empress Marie-Louise of Austria and their son, the King of Rome, took a dose of "Condorcet's poison" on the night of April 12/13, which he hoped would be the means of committing suicide. For a long time, it was thought to be opium in a little water, with Dr. Hillemand believing that it was an accidental over-intake of opium to soothe abdominal pain. It would appear, however, that this was not the case, as Napoleon's condition and the nature of his discomfort were not consistent with opium intoxication. He called Armand de Caulaincourt to dictate his last wishes. In the midst of his illness, the Emperor complained of the slow effect of the substance he had swallowed. He declared to Caulaincourt: "It's so hard to die, it's so unfortunate to have a constitution that postpones the end of a life that I can't wait to see the end!" Napoleon's nausea became increasingly violent, and he began to vomit. When Dr Alexandre-Urbain Yvan arrived, Napoleon asked for an extra dose of poison, but the doctor refused, saying that he was not a murderer and would never do anything against his conscience. The doctor himself had a nervous breakdown, fled on horseback, and was never seen again. As the Emperor's agony continued, Caulaincourt left the room to ask the chamber valet and the internal service to remain silent. Napoleon called Caulaincourt back, telling him he'd rather die than sign the treaty. The effects of the poison then wore off, and he was able to resume his normal activities. == Departure from France ==
Departure from France
Fontainebleau farewells The "Fontainebleau Farewells" took place on April 20. On April 18, 1814, Count Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, Louis XVIII's Minister of War, sent a letter to General Jean-Baptiste Dalesme, who governed Elba on behalf of the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Elisa Bonaparte, informing him that he must hand over the territory to Napoleon. The Emperor left Saint-Raphaël on April 29, 1814, aboard the English frigate Undaunted, reached Portoferraio on May 3, 1814, and disembarked the following day. On the same day, Louis XVIII entered Paris. Empress Marie-Louise initially offered to join her husband, but after meeting her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria, decided to travel to Vienna with her son. == Political and military consequences ==
Political and military consequences
Political consequences Military consequences After his restoration, Louis XVIII quickly decided to reorganize the army. He confirmed General Dupont as Minister of War. A royal decree of May 6, 1814, set up a war council to reorganize the army. It was made up of Marshals Michel Ney, Charles-Pierre Augereau, and Étienne Macdonald, Minister Dupont, Generals Jean Dominique Compans and Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial for the infantry, Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg and Claude-Antoine-Hippolyte de Préval for the cavalry, Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier and Louis Évain for the artillery, François-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry for the engineers, François Étienne de Kellermann for the guard, Commissary Jean Gabriel Marchand and revenue inspector Félix. The ordinance of May 12 reorganized the infantry, increasing the number of line infantry regiments to 90 and light infantry regiments to 15. == Exile in Elba and return to France (Hundred Days) ==
Exile in Elba and return to France (Hundred Days)
"Operetta kingdom" Last return to France On March 1, 1815, the deposed Emperor disembarked at Vallauris at the head of the small troop that had followed him into exile. This marked the beginning of what history would remember as the "Hundred Days", which led to the formation of the Seventh Coalition that eventually defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, resulting in his final abdication and exile to the island of St. Helena, where he died in May 1821. == See also ==
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