Early years Massillon was born at
Hyères in
Provence where his father was a royal notary. At the age of eighteen he joined the
French Oratory and taught for a time in the colleges of his congregation at
Pézenas, and
Montbrison and at the Seminary of Vienne. On the death of
Henri de Villars,
Archbishop of Vienne, in 1693, he was commissioned to deliver a funeral oration, and this was the beginning of his fame. In obedience to
Cardinal de Noailles,
Archbishop of Paris, he left the
Trappist Abbey of Sept-Fons, to which he had retired, and settled in
Paris, where he was placed at the head of the Oratorian Seminary of
Saint Magloire.
Career Massillon soon gained a wide reputation as a preacher and was selected to be the
Advent preacher at the court of
Versailles in 1699. He was made Bishop of Clermont in 1717, and two years later was elected a member of the
Académie française. The last years of his life were spent in the faithful discharge of his episcopal duties; his death took place at Clermont on September 18, 1742. Massillon enjoyed in the 18th century a reputation equal to that of
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and of
Louis Bourdaloue, and was much praised for his eloquence by
Voltaire,
D'Alembert and kindred spirits among the
Encyclopaedists. Massillon's popularity was probably because in his sermons he lays little stress on dogmatic questions, but treats generally of moral subjects, in which the secrets of the human heart and the processes of man's reason are described with poetical feeling. He has usually been contrasted with his predecessor
Bourdaloue, the latter having the credit of vigorous denunciation, Massillon that of gentle persuasiveness. Besides the
Petit Carême, a sermon which he delivered before the young King
Louis XV in 1718, his sermons on the
Prodigal Son, on the small number of the elect, on death, for
Christmas Day, and for the
Fourth Sunday in Advent, may be perhaps cited as his masterpieces. His funeral oration on King
Louis XIV is only noted now for the opening sentence: "
Dieu seul est grand." (Only God is great.) But, in truth, Massillon is singularly free from inequality. His great literary power, his reputation for benevolence, and his known toleration and dislike of doctrinal disputes caused him to be much more favourably regarded than most churchmen by the philosophers of the 18th century. The first edition of Massillon's complete works was published by his nephew, also an Oratorian (Paris, 1745–1748), and upon this, in the absence of manuscripts, succeeding reprints were based. The best modern edition is that of the
Abbé Blampignon (Paris, 1865–1868, 4 vols.; new ed. 1886). ==Works==