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Ben Hecht

Ben Hecht was an American screenwriter, director, producer, playwright, journalist, and novelist. A journalist in his youth, he went on to write 35 books and some of the most enjoyed screenplays and plays in America. He received screen credits, alone or in collaboration, for the stories or screenplays of some seventy films, including six Academy Award nominations and two wins.

Early years
Hecht was born in New York City on February 28, 1894, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants Joseph Hecht, a worker in the garment industry, and his wife Sarah (). The couple was from Minsk, Russian Empire, and had married in 1892. The family moved to Racine, Wisconsin, where Ben attended high school. For his bar mitzvah, his parents bought him four crates full of the works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Twain. When Hecht was in his early teens, he would spend the summers with an uncle in Chicago. On the road much of the time, his father did not have much effect on Hecht's childhood, and his mother was busy managing a store in downtown Racine. Film author Scott Siegal wrote, "He was considered a child prodigy at age ten, seemingly on his way to a career as a concert violinist, but two years later was performing as a circus acrobat". After graduating from Racine High School in 1910, Hecht attended the University of Wisconsin for three days before leaving for Chicago at the age of 16 or 17. He won a job with the Chicago Daily Journal after writing a profane poem for publisher John C. Eastman to entertain guests at a party. By age seventeen Hecht was a full-time reporter, first with the Daily Journal, and later with the Chicago Daily News. In the aftermath of World War I, Hecht was sent to cover Berlin for the Daily News. While there, he also wrote his first and most successful novel, Erik Dorn (1921). It was a sensational debut for Hecht as a serious writer. ==Writing career==
Writing career
Journalist From 1918 to 1919, Hecht served as war correspondent in Berlin for the Chicago Daily News. According to Barbara and Scott Siegel, "Besides being a war reporter, he was noted for being a tough crime reporter while also becoming known in Chicago literary circles". According to biographer Eddy Applegate, "Hecht read voraciously the works of Gautier, Baudelaire, Mallarmé, and Verlaine, and developed a style that was extraordinary and imaginative. The use of metaphor, imagery, and vivid phrases made his writing distinct ... again and again Hecht showed an uncanny ability to picture the strange jumble of events in strokes as vivid and touching as the brushmarks of a novelist". ;A Child of the Century In 1954, Hecht published his autobiography, A Child of the Century, which, according to literary critic Robert Schmuhl, "received such extensive critical acclaim that his literary reputation improved markedly during the last decade of his life ... Hecht's vibrant and candid memoir of more than six hundred pages restored him to the stature of a serious and significant American writer". Novelist Saul Bellow reviewed the book for The New York Times: "His manners are not always nice, but then nice manners do not always make interesting autobiographies, and this autobiography has the merit of being intensely interesting ... If he is occasionally slick, he is also independent, forthright, and original. Among the pussycats who write of social issues today, he roars like an old-fashioned lion." In 2011, Richard Corliss, announced the Time editorial board named Hecht's autobiography to the Time 100 best non-fiction books list (books published since the founding of the magazine in 1923). New Yorker film critic David Denby begins a discussion of Hecht's screenwriting by recounting a long story from his autobiography. He then asks, "How many of these details are true? It's impossible to say, but truth, in this case, may not be the point. As Norman Mailer noted in 1973, Hecht 'was never a writer to tell the truth when a concoction could put life in his prose. Denby calls this Hecht's "gift for confabulated anecdote". Near the end of the article, Denby returns to A Child of the Century, "that vast compendium of period evocation, juiced anecdotes, and dubious philosophy". ;Ghostwriting Marilyn Monroe's biography Besides working on novels and short stories, he has been credited with ghostwriting books, including Marilyn Monroe's autobiography My Story. "The reprint of Marilyn Monroe's memoir, My Story, in 2000, by Cooper Square Press, correctly credits Hecht as an author, ending a period of almost fifty years in which Hecht's role was denied ... Hecht himself, however, kept denying it publicly". According to her biographer, Sarah Churchwell, Monroe was "persuaded to capitalize on her newfound celebrity by beginning an autobiography. It was born out of a collaboration with journalist and screenwriter Ben Hecht, hired as a ghostwriter". Churchwell adds that the facts in her story were highly selective. "Hecht reported to his editor during the interviews that he was sometimes sure Marilyn was fabricating. He explained, 'When I say lying, I mean she isn't telling the truth. I don't think so much that she is trying to deceive me as that she is a fantasizer. Eddie Muller stated that "Ben Hecht's fingerprints are all over some of Hollywood's greatest movies, including early prototypes of what would become film noir." His movie career can be defined by about twenty credited screenplays he wrote for Hawks, Hitchcock, Hathaway, Lubitsch, Wellman, Sternberg, and himself. He wrote many of those with his two regular collaborators, Charles MacArthur and Charles Lederer. While living in New York in 1926, he received a telegram from screenwriter friend Herman J. Mankiewicz, who had recently moved to Los Angeles. "Will you accept three hundred per week to work for Paramount Pictures. All expenses paid. The three hundred is peanuts. Millions are to be grabbed out here, and your only competition is idiots", it read. "Don't let this get around." As a writer in need of money, he traveled to Hollywood as Mankiewicz suggested. ;Working in Hollywood He arrived in Los Angeles and began his career at the beginning of the sound era by writing the story for Josef von Sternberg's gangster movie Underworld in 1927. For that first screenplay and story, he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in Hollywood's first Academy award ceremony. Soon afterward, he became the "most prolific and highest paid screenwriter in Hollywood". Hecht spent from two to twelve weeks in Hollywood each year, "during which he earned enough money (his record was $100,000 in one month, for two screenplays) to live on for the rest of the year in New York, where he did what he considered his serious writing", writes film historian Carol Easton. Nonetheless, later in his career, "he was a writer who liked to think that his genius had been stifled by Hollywood and by its dreadful habit of giving him so much money". Yet his income was as much a result of his skill as a writer as well as his early jobs with newspapers. As film historians Mast and Kawin wrote, "The newspaper reporters often seemed like gangsters who had accidentally ended up behind a typewriter rather than a tommy gun; they talked and acted as rough as the crooks their assignments forced them to cover ... It is no accident that Ben Hecht, the greatest screenwriter of rapid-fire, flavorful tough talk, as well as a major comic playwright, wrote gangster pictures, prison pictures, and newspaper pictures." Hecht became one of Hollywood's most prolific screenwriters, able to write a full screenplay in two to eight weeks. According to Samuel Goldwyn biographer, Carol Easton, in 1931, with his writing partner Charles MacArthur, he "knocked out The Unholy Garden in twelve hours. Hecht subsequently received a fan letter from producer Arthur Hornblow, Jr.: It was produced exactly as written, and 'became one of the biggest, yet funniest, bombs ever made by a studio'." According to historian David Thomson, "to their own minds, Herman Mankiewicz and Ben Hecht both died morose and frustrated. Neither of them had written the great books they believed possible." ;with Howard Hawks In an interview with director Howard Hawks, with whom Hecht worked on many films, Scott Breivold elicited comments on the way they often worked: ;with David O. Selznick According to film historian Virginia Wexman, Nothing Sacred is probably the "most famous of all the Carole Lombard films next to My Man Godfrey", wrote movie historian James Harvey. And it impressed people at the time with its evident ambition "and Selznick determined to make the classiest of all screwball comedies, turned to Lombard as a necessity, but also to Ben Hecht, nearly the hottest screenwriter in Hollywood at the time, especially for comedy. ... it was also the first screwball comedy to lay apparent claim to larger satiric meanings, to make scathing observations about American life and society." In an interview with Irene Selznick, ex-wife of producer David O. Selznick, she discussed the other leading screenwriters of that time: ;with Ernst Lubitsch According to James Harvey, Ernst Lubitsch felt uneasy in the world of playwright Noël Coward. Styles of writing According to Siegel, "The talkie era put writers like Hecht at a premium because they could write dialogue in the quirky, idiosyncratic style of the common man. Hecht, in particular, was wonderful with slang, and he peppered his films with the argot of the streets. He also had a lively sense of humor and an uncanny ability to ground even the most outrageous stories successfully with credible, fast-paced plots." "Movies", Hecht was to recall, "were seldom written. In 1927, they were yelled into existence in conferences that kept going in saloons, brothels, and all-night poker games. Movie sets roared with arguments and organ music." ;The Front Page (1931) After contributing to the original stories for a number of films, he worked without credit on the first film version of his original 1928 play The Front Page. It was produced by Howard Hughes and directed by Lewis Milestone in 1931. James Harvey writes, Of the original play, theater producer and writer Jed Harris writes, Eddie Muller observed that "Hecht and MacArthur's ribald rat-a-tat dialogue... instantly created a new American archetype—the fast-talking, hard-drinking newshound who'll do anything for a scoop." ;Scarface (1932) After ushering in the beginning of the gangster films with Underworld, his next film became one of the best films of that genre. Scarface was directed by Howard Hawks, with "Hecht the wordsmith and Hawks the engineer", :Letter by David O. Selznick to Hecht, December 19, 1956: :Letter by Selznick to John Huston, April 3, 1957: The following letter discusses Portrait of Jennie (1948): Hecht was not credited, however, for his contribution, and Sidney Howard received the Academy Award for Best Screenplay. In a letter from Selznick to film editor O'Shea [October 19, 1939], Selznick discussed how the writing credits should appear, taking into consideration that Sidney Howard had died a few months earlier after a farm-tractor accident at his home in Massachusetts: In a letter [September 25, 1939] from Selznick to Hecht, regarding writing introductory sequences and titles, which were used to set the scene and condense the narrative throughout the movie, Selznick wrote, ;His Girl Friday (1940) "His Girl Friday remains not just the fastest-talking romantic comedy ever made, but a very tricky inquiry into love's need for a chase (or a dream) and the sharpest pointer to uncertain gender roles." Hecht wrote that he has "never had more fun writing a movie", and felt the James Bond character was cinema's first "gentleman superman" in a long time, as opposed to Hammett and Chandler's "roughneck supermen". Hecht died few days before the final screenplay was announced to the press. Duns compares Hecht's unpublished screenplay with the final rewritten film: ==Personal life==
Personal life
Hecht married Marie Armstrong (1892–1956), a gentile, On July 30, 1943, Ben and Rose had a daughter, Jenny Hecht, who became an actress at the age of 8. She died of a drug overdose on March 25, 1971, at the age of 27, shortly after completing her third movie appearance. A play about Jenny's brief life, ''The Screenwriter's Daughter'' by Larry Mollin, was staged in London in October 2015. Activism Civil rights According to Hecht historian Florice Whyte Kovan, he became active in promoting civil rights early in his career. World War II Hecht was among a number of signers of a formal statement, issued in July 1941, calling for the "utmost material assistance by our government to England, the Soviet Union, and China". Among those who signed were former Nobel Prize winners in science and other people eminent in education, literature, and the arts. It advocated Later that year, he had his first large-scale musical collaboration with symphonic composer Ferde Grofe on their patriotic cantata, Uncle Sam Stands Up. Jewish Hecht claimed that he had never experienced anti-Semitism in his life, and claimed to have had little to do with Judaism, but "was drawn back to the Lower East Side late in life and lived for a while on Henry Street, where he could absorb the energy and social consciousness of the ghetto", wrote author Sanford Sternlicht. His indifference to Jewish issues changed when he met Peter Bergson, who was drumming up American assistance for the Zionist group Irgun. Hecht wrote in his book, Perfidy, that he used to be a scriptwriter until his meeting with Bergson, when he accidentally bumped into history: that is, the burning need to do anything possible to save the doomed Jews of Europe (paraphrase from Perfidy). As Hecht relates it in A Child of the Century, he didn't feel particularly Jewish in his daily life until Bergson shook him out of his assimilated complacency: Bergson invited Hecht to ask three close friends whether, in their opinion, Hecht was an American or a Jew. All three replied that he was a Jew. (This is incorrect; in his book, A Child of the Century, Hecht says that he used that line to convince David Selznick to sponsor a mass meeting at the Hollywood canteen.) Like many stories Hecht told about his life, that tale may be apocryphal, but after meeting Bergson, Hecht quickly became a member of his inner circle and dedicated himself to some goals of the group, particularly the rescue of Europe's Jews. Hecht "took on a ten-year commitment to publicize the atrocities befalling his own religious minority, the Jews of Europe, and the quest for survivors to find a permanent home in the Middle East". '' at the Alvin Playhouse Following the war, Hecht openly supported the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, a campaign of violence being waged by underground Zionist groups (the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi) in Palestine. Hecht was a member of the Bergson Group, an Irgun front group in the United States run by Peter Bergson, which was active in raising money for the Irgun's activities and disseminating Irgun propaganda. Hecht wrote the script for the Bergson Group's production of A Flag is Born, which opened on September 5, 1946, at the Alvin Playhouse in New York City. The play, which compared the Zionist underground's campaign in Palestine to the American Revolution, was intended to increase public support for the Zionist cause in the United States. The play starred Marlon Brando and Paul Muni during its various productions. The proceeds from the play were used to purchase a ship that was renamed the MS Ben Hecht, which carried 900 Holocaust survivors to Palestine in March 1947. The Royal Navy captured the ship after it docked, and 600 of its passengers were detained as illegal immigrants and sent to the Cyprus internment camps. The SS Ben Hecht later became the flagship of the Israeli Navy. The crew was imprisoned by the British authorities in Acre Prison, and assisted in the preparations for the Acre Prison break. Hecht's most controversial action during this period was writing an open letter to the Jewish insurgents in May 1947 which openly praised underground violence against the British. It included the highly controversial passage: Six months after the establishment of Israel, the Bergson Group was dissolved, followed by a dinner in New York City where former Irgun commander Menachem Begin appeared, saying, Thanks to his fundraising, speeches, and jawboning, Sternlicht writes, In October 1948, the Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association, a trade union representing about 4,700 British film theaters, announced a ban on all films in which Hecht had a role. This was a result of "his intemperate utterances on the Palestine problem", according to one source. As a result, filmmakers, concerned with jeopardizing the British market, became more reluctant to hire Hecht. Hecht cut his fee in half and wrote screenplays under pseudonyms or completely anonymously to evade the boycott, which was lifted in 1952. ==Death==
Death
Hecht died of a heart attack at his home on April 18, 1964, aged 70. ==Academy Award nominations==
Works
ScreenplaysCasino Royale (1967) (uncredited) • Circus World7 Faces of Dr. Lao (uncredited) • Cleopatra (1963) (uncredited) • ''Billy Rose's Jumbo'' • Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) (uncredited) • Walk on the Wild Side (uncredited) • North to Alaska (uncredited) • John Paul Jones (uncredited) • The Gun Runners (uncredited) • Queen of Outer SpaceLegend of the LostThe Sun Also Rises (1957) • A Farewell to Arms (1957) • Miracle in the RainThe Iron PetticoatThe Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956) (uncredited) • Trapeze (1956) (uncredited) • The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (uncredited) • The Indian FighterThe Man with the Golden Arm (1955) (uncredited) • Guys and Dolls (uncredited) • Living It Up (based on his play Hazel Flagg) • Ulysses (1955) • ''Light's Diamond Jubilee'' (television) • Terminal Station (1953) (uncredited) • Angel Face (1952) (uncredited) • Hans Christian Andersen (uncredited) • Monkey Business (1952) • Actors and Sin (1952) (also directed and produced) • The Wild Heart (1952) (uncredited) • The Thing from Another World (uncredited) • The Secret of Convict Lake (uncredited) • Strangers on a Train (1951) (uncredited) • September Affair (uncredited) • Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950) • Edge of Doom (uncredited) • Perfect Strangers (1950) • Love Happy (uncredited) • The Inspector General (uncredited) • Whirlpool (1950) • Roseanna McCoy (uncredited) • Big Jack (uncredited) • Portrait of Jennie (uncredited) • Cry of the City (uncredited) • Rope (1948) (uncredited) • The Miracle of the BellsDishonored Lady (uncredited) • ''Her Husband's Affairs'' • The Paradine Case (1947) (uncredited) • Ride the Pink Horse (1947) • Kiss of Death (1947) • Duel in the Sun (1946) (uncredited) • Notorious (1946) • A Flag is BornSpecter of the Rose (1946) (also directed and produced) • Gilda (uncredited) (1946) • Cornered (1945) (uncredited) • Spellbound (1945) • Watchtower Over Tomorrow (1945 OWI film) • Lifeboat (1944) (uncredited) • The Outlaw (1943) (uncredited) • China Girl (1942) • Journey into Fear (1943) (uncredited) • The Black Swan (1942) • Ten Gentlemen from West Point (uncredited) • Roxie Hart (uncredited) • LydiaThe Mad Doctor (1941) (uncredited) • Comrade XSecond Chorus (uncredited) • Angels Over Broadway (1940) (also directed and produced) • Foreign Correspondent (1940) (final scene-uncredited) • The Shop Around the Corner (1940) (uncredited) • His Girl Friday (1940) • I Take This Woman (1940) (uncredited) • Gone with the Wind (1939) (uncredited) • At the Circus (uncredited) • Lady of the Tropics • ''It's a Wonderful World'' (1939) • Wuthering Heights (1939) • Let Freedom RingStagecoach (1939) (uncredited) • Gunga Din (1939) • Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) (uncredited) • The Goldwyn FolliesNothing Sacred (1937) • The Hurricane (1937) (uncredited) • The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) (uncredited) • Woman Chases Man (uncredited) • King of Gamblers (uncredited) • A Star Is Born (1937) (uncredited) • Soak the Rich (also directed) • The Scoundrel (1935) (also directed) • Spring TonicBarbary CoastOnce in a Blue Moon (1935) (also directed) • The Florentine DaggerThe President Vanishes (uncredited) • Crime Without Passion (1934) (also directed) • Shoot the WorksTwentieth Century (1934) (uncredited) • UpperworldViva Villa! (1934) • Riptide (1934) (uncredited) • Queen Christina (1933) (uncredited) • Design for Living (1933) • Turn Back the ClockTopaze (1933) • ''Hallelujah, I'm a Bum'' (1933) • Back Street (1932) (uncredited) • Rasputin and the Empress (1932) (uncredited) • Million Dollar Legs (1932) (uncredited) • Scarface (1932) • The Beast of the City (1932) (uncredited) • The Unholy Garden (1931) • The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) (uncredited) • Homicide Squad (1931) (uncredited) • Quick Millions (1931) (uncredited) • The Front Page (1931) (uncredited) • Le Spectre vertRoadhouse Nights (1930) • Street of Chance (1930) (uncredited) • The Unholy Night (1929) • The Great Gabbo (1929) • The Big Noise (1928) • The American Beauty (1916) (uncredited) • Underworld (1927) • The New Klondike (1926) (uncredited) Books • • • Erik Dorn (1921). • Gargoyles (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1922) • Fantazius Mallare : a mysterious oath (Chicago: Covici-McGee, 1922) • The Florentine dagger : a novel for amateur detectives (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1923) • Kingdom of Evil, 211pp., Pascal Covici (1924) • Humpty Dumpty, 383 pp., Boni & Liveright (1924) • Broken Necks, Containing More 1001 Afternoons, 344pp., Pascal Covici (1926) • Count Bruga, 319 pp., Boni & Liveright (1926) • A Jew in Love, 341 pp., Covici, Friede (1931) • The Champion from Far Away (1931) • ''Actor's Blood'' (1936) • The Book of Miracles, 465 pp., Viking Press (1939) • 1001 Afternoons in New York (The Viking Press, 1941.) • Miracle in the Rain (1943) • A Guide for the Bedevilled, 276 pages, Charles Scribner's Sons (1944); reissued by Milah Press in 1999 • I Hate Actors! (New York: Crown Publishers, 1944) • The Collected Stories of Ben Hecht, 524 pp., Crown (1945) • The Cat That Jumped Out of the Story, John C. Winston Company (1947) • Cutie – A Warm Mamma, 77 pp., Boar's Head Books (1952) (co-authored with Maxwell Bodenheim) • A Child of the Century 672 pp. Plume (1954) (May 30, 1985) ISBN • Charlie: The Improbable Life and Times of Charles MacArthur, 242 pp., Harper (1957) • The Sensualists (1959) • A Treasury of Ben Hecht: Collected Stories and Other Writings (1959, anthology) • Perfidy (with critical supplements), 281 pp. (plus 29 pp.), Julian Messner (1962); reissued by Milah Press in 1997; about the 1954–1955 Kastner trial in Jerusalem • Gaily, Gaily, Signet (1963) (November 1, 1969) ISBN • Concerning a Woman of Sin, 222 pp., Mayflower (1964) • Letters from Bohemia (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co, 1964) • Plays '' (1928) • The Hero of Santa Maria (1916) [co-written with Kenneth Sawyer Goodman] • The Egotist (1922) • The Stork (1925) • The Front Page (1928) • The Great Magoo (1932) • Twentieth Century (1932) • Jumbo (1935) • To Quito and Back (1937) • Ladies and Gentlemen (1939) • Lily of the Valley (1942) • Seven Lively Arts (1944) • Swan Song (1946) • A Flag Is Born (1946) • Winkelberg (1958) Essays and reporting • • • • Literature and the bastinado Musical contributions • In 1937, lyricist Hecht collaborated with composer Louis Armstrong on "Red Cap", a song about the hard life of a railway porter. That summer, Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra recorded it for Decca Records, as did Erskine Hawkins's Orchestra for Vocalion. This may be Ben Hecht's only "popular" song. • Uncle Sam Stands Up (1941) Hecht contributed the lyrics and poetry to this patriotic cantata for baritone solo, chorus, and orchestra composed by Ferde Grofe, written during the height of World War II. • We Will Never Die (1943) a pageant he composed with Kurt Weill, with staging by Moss Hart, written partly because of Hecht's consternation with American foreign policy in Europe concerning the Holocaust and Hollywood's fear of offending the European (Axis) market ==Notes==
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