Name Jesenice was attested in written sources in 1337 as
villa de Jesenicza (and as
Assnigkh and
Asnigkh in 1381, and
Jasnickh and
Aisnstnick in 1493–1501). The name is derived from
*Jesen(ьn)icě, a locative singular form of
Jesenik (<
*Esenьnikъ). The suffix
-ě became
-i in the local dialect and was reinterpreted as a nominative masculine plural, the accusative of which (in
-e) was subsequently reinterpreted as today's feminine nominative plural. The name is derived from the common noun
*jesenik '
ash woods' (<
jesen 'ash tree'), thus originally meaning 'in the ash woods' and referring to the local vegetation. The modern German name of the town is
Aßling. Later, a settlement slowly started to grow around the area now known as Murova, where
St. Leonard's Church is today. With the
March of Carniola it passed to the Austrian
House of Habsburg upon the
Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278. There are few sources for the early history of Jesenice; most of them focus on ironworks. The oldest is a set of mining rights issued to the
Carinthian counts of Ortenburg, dating to 1381. According to the document, the first settlements in the area (like
Planina pod Golico) were founded on the southern slopes of the Karawanks due to need for wood, flowing water for mills, and iron ore. With the development of new techniques of extraction of iron from ore, the need for water energy grew, and the small streams on the slopes of the Karawanks were no longer sufficient. The ore-extracting industry was thus relocated to the valley in 1538, when Bernardo Bucellini from
Bergamo gained permission from the Habsburg King
Ferdinand I to move the ironworks to a larger water source, the
Sava Dolinka River, creating a settlement that was to become Jesenice. The ironworks continued to mine ore from the slopes of the Karawanks. Members of the House of Ortenburg were the most prominent landowners in the area from the 11th century onwards. They were at their apex in the 13th century in terms of land, encompassing almost all of the
Sava Valley from its source to its
confluence with the
Sora River. The House of Ortenburg promoted
colonization of the
Upper Sava Valley, especially in ore-rich areas. Throughout the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, small settlements of
Plavž,
Sava, Murova, and
Slovenski Javornik were founded. By
decree of King
Alexander I of Yugoslavia, all of these settlements were amalgamated into the town of Jesenice on March 20, 1929.
Industrial growth The settlements evolved independently of each other and, until the arrival of the railway at the end of the 19th century, they were only connected by a gravel road. In addition to mining and ironworking, locals made a living from agriculture and stockbreeding. Different iron
foundries belonged to different owners - the Zois, Ruard and Bucelleni families. Compared to other foundries around the world at the time, the Jesenice ironworks were out of date because modernization required substantial investment
funds, beyond what the Zoises, the Ruards and the Bucellenis could raise. Help was offered by the Luckmann family of
bankers from
Ljubljana, who agreed to modernize the iron foundries in return for the foundation of a new shareholder company. The company, named the Carniolan Industrial Company () was founded by the Luckmann family on September 18, 1869. The Zois family was the first to join the company, with the Ruards following three years later. The company soon expanded its activities to the
Tržič ironworks, and to
Topusko in
Croatia. This was the first time that all of the
Upper Carniolan ironworks had been joined under a single administration, with central management in
Ljubljana, and business administration in Jesenice. The greatest achievement was the
scientific discovery of a process for obtaining
ferromanganese in a
smelting furnace, which brought KID a gold medal at the World Exhibition in
Vienna in 1873, and worldwide fame. The Jesenice ironworks achieved a status as a pioneering center of technical invention in the history of ironworking. KID was also the basis for the new ironworks facility, which expanded quickly, from
medieval-style iron foundries to up-to-date modern ironworks facilities in just a few years. The town of Jesenice grew fast, with a great influx of people attracted to new jobs.
The beginning of the 20th century The political, cultural, and social life in Jesenice at the beginning of the 20th century was affected by the founding of the competing
gymnastics associations, the progressive-nationalist
Sokol () in 1904, and the
Catholic Orel () in 1906. Other groups established at that time were a
choir, a reading club, a
brass band, and the Workers'
Catholic Association. Three political parties—the Catholic
People's Party ("Clerical"),
progressive-nationalist party ("Liberal"), and
Democratic Party — also became active in Jesenice, all three establishing their own cultural and gymnastics associations.
Germans had a great influence in Jesenice at that time, though Orel and Sokol, both being nationally oriented, contributed as well. The first railway tracks were laid through Jesenice in 1870, and construction of a railway station followed soon after. This made Jesenice better connected with the world, and facilitated its export trade. Construction of the
Karawanks-
Bohinj Railway was started in 1905, which was a very complicated project because it required drilling two tunnels: one to Austria through the Karawanks, and the other through Mount Kobla in Bohinj to allow faster access to the seaport of
Trieste, then in
Austria-Hungary. When the tunnels were completed, the railway line was opened to traffic in a special ceremony attended by
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. The rolling mills were relocated from Jesenice to
Slovenski Javornik in 1904. Stockholders wanted to cover the expenses of relocation by lowering workers' wages, which led to the first strike in Jesenice, involving around 400 workers. The strike lasted for six weeks, with strikers only partially achieving their goal.
World War I During
World War I, Jesenice ironworks were mainly converted to the manufacture of materiel for the Central Powers. With the front lines being some distance to the south, the war did not reach Jesenice, which only suffered one bombing attack by
Italian aircraft, with no casualties. With the end of World War I came major political changes; on December 1, 1918, the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed, opening up new markets. Due to its border position, Jesenice became an important traffic junction. Between the wars, the first grammar school was established in 1914. The first "boys' and girls' school" was established in 1920, offering higher education. Jesenice was also the center of various kinds of craft and small trade. A tradesman's union was formed in 1920. Development of the ironworks continued; 4,567 workers were affiliated to a greater or lesser extent with KID by 1937.
World War II Italy
occupied Jesenice on April 11, 1941, with the Germans taking over eight days later. This resulted in immediate arrests of some of the workers' leaders, educated and culture-affiliated individuals, and all of the
Romany people. Forced mobilization and
recruitment followed soon after. The Germans were aware of the strategic and industrial importance of Jesenice, so they soon began with a program of assimilation, introducing school teaching in the
German language only, while they also Germanized public signs, and more. These measures led to the formation of the
Partisan movement in Jesenice, including the
Cankar Brigade. The steel industry was again diverted to German military needs, and the
German management started importing
French workers, followed by Italian workers after Italian
capitulation in 1943. Sabotage of the German-led steel industry was problematic, because people were more sympathetic to the resistance, which by the end of the second world war proved to be ineffective. Before the end of
World War II, Jesenice had undergone a severe sabotage-bombing by
Allied forces, which came in two waves on March 1, 1945. There were many casualties, and great damage was done to the town's center, including the destruction of the train station. The ironworks secondary school was founded by KID on November 19, 1938. The first high school was established at the end of the war in 1945, for which KID also founded a staff-apprenticeship school in 1938.
Second half of the 20th century With the end of World War II followed a new economic golden age. Soon after the war, two more smelting furnaces were put into operation. The Jesenice ironworks became one of the main steel manufacturers, charged with the rebuilding of the newly founded
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and started employing more people than ever before. Many more industrial plants were built to increase production, while Jesenice began to develop into its present shape. As the population also increased with new immigrant workers, massive building of apartment blocks, and residential sections took place. Cultural, sports, school, medical and traffic
infrastructure was built. Jesenice became the center of black
metallurgy in Slovenia. Introduction of electrical steel processing marked the era of manufacturing steel of higher quality, and in greater quantities. At its economic peak in the 1970s, the ironworks employed more than 8,000 people. After the collapse of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, economic policies changed, and the Jesenice ironworks could not compete with the better developed Western metallurgy. Another problem was the loss of access to raw material resources, which are located in the other, now separately independent republics of what had been
Yugoslavia. This led to massive layoffs, and the emigration of people in search of new jobs. In the years since the declaration of Slovenian independence in 1991, Jesenice has become much less dependent on its metallurgic industry, and has started to develop other aspects of its economy. ==Geography and climate==