Jesuit clause

Jesuits The Jesuit order was founded during the Reformation in Europe with the aim of reforming the Catholic Church from within. The order does not have monasteries in the usual sense, although monks who are in the same place must live together. The monks do not wear their own habit and are not bound to a place, unlike for example the Benedictine order, but are sent out by the order. The Jesuit order played a decisive role during the Counter-Reformation and in Catholic missions. For a time, it was a powerful organization within the Catholic Church. The Jesuits have fostered both missions and the establishment of educational institutions, and established a number of universities in Europe. Their missionary activity and sometimes elitist and offensive style has led to strong backlash and criticism over time, as well as the emergence of both suspicion and a number of myths associated with the order and their activities. Within Catholic circles as well, such as Jansenism and philosopher Blaise Pascal, attacks have been made on the Jesuits. Views on the Jesuits During the 1956 parliamentary debate on the repeal of the clause, the order was accused of being behind the Spanish Civil War and of inspiring Communists and Marxists by the then-president of the Odelsting, C. J. Hambro: Critics of Jesuitism often sustained that the members of the order followed the Pope blindly and that the order followed a moral theology which justified both lying and deceit as long as the ends were good, Similar ideas about the Jesuits were also common in Norway in the 20th century. Work on the Constitution proposed the restrictions on religious freedom in the Constitution through a proposal he submitted on 4 May 1814 The first drafts of the Constitution did not mention Jesuits, but the ban on Jews was there from the beginning. A draft from 16 April reads: Around 20 drafts of a new constitution were prepared, in 15 of which religious practice was regulated and only one had full freedom of religion. The tendency of the proposal was to allow non-Lutheran Christian denominations, but forbid their public practice. Pope Clement XIV disbanded the Jesuit order in 1773 and the order was not active while work on the Constitution was ongoing. On 4 May, a total of 20 paragraphs were adopted, but on the same day there was a new debate on paragraph 2, on freedom of religion. Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie had promoted the draft, and thought that the exclusion of Jesuits and "monastic orders" should also be added to paragraph 2, something that had not been included in the drafts until then. Provost Hans Christian Ulrik Midelfart also spoke against the proposal which he called a manifestation of unchristian intolerance. Christie, however, said that Jesuits could pose a threat to the country and that other "sects" could also be harmful. It turned out as Christie wanted, and 94 of 110 representatives at the Constituent Assembly in Eidsvoll voted for the proposal, but it then had a provision that there should in principle be free exercise of religion, a point that fell out in the editorial committee, consisting of Christian Adolph Diriks, Lauritz Weidemann and Georg Sverdrup while Nicolai Wergeland stood for full religious freedom in this case. But the battle was not over religious tolerance, even in paragraph 15, which stipulated that the regent should "always" profess the Evangelical Lutheran religion. This wording was important because Charles III Johan had been a confessing Catholic until 1810. The () was thus given the opportunity to make a strict confession to the Lutheran religion in an attempt to exclude the Swedish heir to the throne as future Norwegian king. == Debate on repeal ==

In the debates on the repeal of the Jesuit clause, the counter-arguments went along two lines: one was that Jesuits being allowed entry could represent a threat to the country, and a constitutionally conservative line that the constitution should not be changed unless there was a need for change, and that this provision was in effect a dormant provision, since no Jesuits had been stopped at the border. promoted the proposal to remove the Jesuit provisions in 1897. The arguments for repeal were primarily based on principles of religious and spiritual freedom, and that the provisions were not worthy of a modern democracy. Ullmann's proposal struck down the ban on Jesuits and monastic orders, but the Jesuit ban was added when the proposal was supported by Ullmann's party colleagues Thomas Georg Münster and Hans Jacob Horst. Another proposal was promoted by Hans Andersen from the Conservative Party, where the Jesuit and monastic order ban was removed and full religious practice was allowed "within the boundaries of law and virtuousness". At that time there was a more positive attitude to the bill, but by the time it came up for consideration in 1925 the mood had changed, particularly within Christian circles in the country. The matter came up again in Parliament in connection with Norway's ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950. Also, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 1948 was withdrawn. The government therefore promoted through proposition number 202, 1952, a proposal for a constitutional amendment, which was referred to the Parliament on 10 January 1953. Ole Hallesby and other professors at the Faculty of Theology did not want the Jesuits in the country because they would be morally destructive, among other things, due to the Jesuits' teachings defending lies. Theologian Olav Valen-Sendstad also strongly opposed the repeal of the clause. During the parliamentary debate on 1 November 1956, the President of the Odelsting C. J. Hambro was deeply concerned about the future of Norway if the Jesuits were allowed to enter the country: "I look with the utmost fear for the future of our people at any move against the state church". Opposition was strong in some Christian circles, with theologian Olav Valen-Sendstad as a key spokesman, who among other things wrote the publication ('Open letter to the Norwegian Parliament 1954: will the parliament give Jesuit fascism its moral recognition?') When the matter came to a vote in Parliament, the repeal received a large majority, 111 votes to 31. All 14 Christian Democratic Party representatives voted against, and Hambro was in the minority, along with five of the 27 representatives from the Conservatives. == Later sections on religious freedom ==

In 1964, paragraph 2 was amended again, this time by adding the right to free exercise of religion. The paragraph reads: On 21 May 2012, the paragraph was amended again by removing the reference to the state's public religion, and the amended paragraph § 2 reads: The provision on freedom of religion was moved to § 16: == See also ==