1940 Jagdschwader 3 "Udet" was formed on 1 May 1939 in
Bernburg/Saale from JG 231. JG 3 was one of the
Luftwaffe's fighter units that took part in the
Battle of France. A particularly fruitful period over France occurred from 14 to 17 May 1940. Allied sorties over the area of German advance had attempted to prevent the German armour from crossing the
Meuse and sent waves of inadequately protected bombers to do the job. As a result, 90 Allied bombers were shot down and the 14 May became known as the "day of the fighters" within the
Luftwaffe. I./JG 3 destroyed seven fighters without loss on this day. On 15 May five were destroyed, again for no losses. On 17 May an entire formation of 13
Bristol Blenheims were shot down by I./JG 3. A total of 19 Allied aircraft were shot down by I./JG 3 alone on that day. The unit claimed some 179 aircraft shot down.
Oberleutnant Lothar Keller was top claimant with 10 kills, and I./JG 3
Gruppenkommandeur Maj.
Günther Lützow scored 9. I./JG3 was the most successful
Gruppe, with 88 enemy aircraft destroyed for ten Bf 109s lost while six pilots were killed and one wounded. JG 3 later flew intensively in the
Battle of Britain. On 21 August 1940,
Oberstleutnant Lützow was appointed
Kommodore of JG 3. He recorded 8 more victories during the aerial battles over England. Lützow was awarded the
Ritterkreuz (Knights Cross) on 18 September. By the end of 1940 its most successful pilots were Oblt. Erwin Neuerberg (11 claims) and Lt Helmut Meckel (9 claims). The Geschwader lost some 51 pilots killed or POW July–December 1940. I
Gruppe alone had destroyed exactly 50 enemy machines, but in exchange of 32 Messerschmitts of which 20 were lost to enemy action. Ten pilots were killed or missing while a further 11 were captured.
1941 The
Geschwader took part in
Operation Barbarossa from 22 June 1941 onwards, and during the offensive against the Soviets JG 3 claimed its 1,000th aircraft destroyed on 30 August. Lützow became the second
Experte to achieve 100 victories when he downed three Russian fighters near Moscow on 24 October. Lützow was then grounded. On 27 June 1941,
Hauptmann Gordon Gollob was made
Gruppenkommandeur II./JG 3, following the mid-air collision death of
Hauptman Lothar Keller. He claimed 18 victories in August and achieved 37 victories in October, including 9 aircraft shot down over the
Perekop Isthmus on 18 October and 6 aircraft on 22 October. He was awarded the
Eichenlaub (Oak Leaves) on 26 October for 85 victories. He led II./JG 3 until November 1941. In the period 22 June – 5 December 1941, the unit destroyed 1,298 Soviet aircraft in return for 58 losses in aerial combat and losing 10 aircraft on the ground. II./JG 3, under the command of Captain
Karl-Heinz Krahl was transferred to
Comiso on
Sicily in January 1942 to bolster JG 53 and the
Regia Aeronautica which were carrying out sustained attacks against
Malta. At this time the unit was equipped with
Bf 109F-4 Trops. At the end of April II
Gruppe departed Sicily for a brief stay in Germany before being redeployed to the Eastern front.
1942 In mid-September, I./JG 3 were ordered back to Germany for rest and refit. However, a number of I.
Gruppe pilots remained in Russia serving with III./JG 3. After refitting with Bf 109F-4 fighters, I./JG 3 was ordered to relocate to bases in the Netherlands in December 1941. On 6 January 1942, it became II./
JG 1, with a new I.
Gruppe being raised. By early 1942, JG 3 was awarded the honour name "Udet" (after Ernst Udet) and was then often simply referred as "Jagdgeschwader Udet" thereafter. In May 1942, Lützow led most of JG 3 back to Russia and commenced operations in the
Kharkiv area. There followed intensive operations through the Crimea, and in the drive towards Stalingrad. Again JG 3 was one of the
Luftwaffe's top units, fighting on the
Southern Front, reaching 2,000 claims on 28 May 1942. On 12 August, Major
Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke was appointed
Kommodore of JG 3. In June 1942 II
Gruppe was transferred back to the East, where it joined in the advance on the
Stalingrad front, suffering heavy losses. During the Battle of Stalingrad, Stab./JG 3 were based at
Pitomnik Airfield, where Wilcke directed all day fighter operations over the city. During the summer offensive of 1942 the
Geschwaderstab/JG 3 recorded 137 victories, of which Wilcke claimed 97. When Russian forces encircled Stalingrad, the
Geschwaderstab/JG 3 was transferred to
Morozovskaya-Öst, outside the pocket. In mid-November 1942 JG 3 then provided the famous
Platzschutzstaffel (airfield defence squadron) which defended the besieged
6th Army in
Stalingrad until late 1942. On a rotational basis up to six volunteer pilots drawn from I. and II./JG 3 formed a defence
Staffel within the rapidly contracting Stalingrad perimeter. The
Staffel, among others, included
Oberleutnant Werner Lucas,
Leutnant Gustav Frielinghaus,
Leutnant Georg Schentke,
Feldwebel Kurt Ebener, and
Feldwebel Hans Grünberg. Their purpose was to cover the Junkers Ju 52 transports flying supplies into Pitomnik Airfield and to protect the aircraft while on the ground. Despite often only having 2 or 3
Bf 109's serviceable, in the last 6 weeks of the siege (until mid January) claimed some 130 Soviet aircraft shot down. In return JG 3 lost 90-victory
experte Leutnant Schentke over the city on 25 December 1942. In mid-January the pilots were ordered to fly out of the pocket and rejoin their parent unit, although some thirty ground crew remaining became prisoners when the city surrendered to the Soviets on 2 February 1943.
1943 II./JG 3 was relocated to the
Kuban bridgehead in February 1943. Oblt.
Wolf-Udo Ettel proved the 'star' of JG 3 around this time, claiming 28 kills in March 1943, 36 in April, and 20 in May. Intensive operations around the
Kerch peninsula followed in April. In July 1943 II./JG 3 and III./JG 3 at this time were part of
Luftlotte 4 and flew in
Operation Zitadelle, the tank offensive launched around the
Kursk salient. On 5 July 1943 alone, II./JG 3 claimed 77 Soviet aircraft from a total claimed of 432, Oblt.
Joachim Kirschner claiming 9 kills and
Gruppenkommandeur Hpt.
Kurt Brändle claiming 5. As Allied air operations over Germany increased during mid 1943 each of the gruppen of JG 3 were in turn recalled to Germany to defend the homeland on so called
Reichsverteidigung ("
Defense of the Reich") duty. I. /JG 3 moved back to Germany in April 1943, but did not go operational until June 1943. Equipped with the new Bf 109G-6
Kanonenboote with two 20mm cannons in underwing gondolas, I./JG 3 were slowly worked up as a 'bomber-killer' unit. This long training period paid dividends as the gruppe started to shoot down impressive numbers of USAAF bombers without the heavy losses incurred by many
Jagdgeschwadern thrown into the battle with less preparation. Lt.
Franz Schwaiger was by this time I./JG 3's current top scorer with 56 claims. By late summer 1943 III./JG3 were also flying the Bf 109G-6 and Bf 109G-6/R6. On its return to Germany, the
Stab/JG 3 was based at
Mönchengladbach. On 4 December 1943 Hpt.
Wilhelm Lemke (131 kills) was killed in combat with
P-47s of the
352nd Fighter Group. As with most fighter units operating over Germany and occupied Europe, JG 3 suffered heavy losses through early 1944 against the increasing numbers of USAAF escort fighters, losing many of its experienced personnel and commanders. Wilcke was shot down and killed by fighters of the
4th Fighter Group. Wilcke's successor as commander of JG 3 was Major
Friedrich-Karl "Tutti" Müller, the CO of IV. /JG 3. He was killed in a landing accident at
Salzwedel on 29 May 1944.
1944 With the increased pressure caused by the American bombing raids against targets in Germany through late 1943 and early 1944, a new method of attacking the bombers was proposed for specially armoured fighters to get in as close to the bombers as possible before opening fire, even (as a last resort) deliberately ramming the bomber. A special Staffel was formed to test the tactical viability.
Sturmstaffel 1 was the first experimental unit to fly the so-called
Sturmböcke (Battering Ram) up-gunned Focke-Wulf Fw 190A aircraft, and was attached to JG 3, following the general demise of the
Zerstörergruppen as
bomber destroyers earlier in 1944. The
Sturmstaffel was expanded into a specialised bomber 'killer'
Gruppen, IV./JG 3, led by
Hauptmann Wilhelm Moritz.
Sturmstaffel 1 was redesignated 11./JG 3 in May 1944. of the
492nd Bomb Group after an aerial battle over
Oschersleben on 7 July 1944 On 7 July 1944 a force of 1,129
B-17 Flying Fortresses and
B-24 Liberators of the
United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
Eighth Air Force set out from England to bomb aircraft factories in the
Leipzig area and the synthetic oil plants at
Boehlen,
Leuna-
Merseburg and Lützkendorf. This formation was intercepted by a German
Gefechtsverband composed of IV.(Sturm) / JG 3 escorted by two
Gruppen of Bf 109s from
Jagdgeschwader 300 led by
Major Walther Dahl. Dahl drove the attack to point-blank range behind the Liberators of the
492nd Bomb Group before opening fire. 492nd Bomb Group was temporarily without fighter cover. Within about a minute the entire squadron of twelve B-24s had been destroyed. The USAAF 2nd Air Division lost 28 Liberators that day, the majority to the Sturmgruppe attack. IV./JG 3 lost nine fighters shot down and three more suffered damage and made crash landings; five of the unit's pilots were killed. II./JG 3 and III./JG 3 were thrown into the
Operation Overlord air battles over the Normandy beach-head in June 1944, and, with the other 23
Gruppen committed were decimated by the hordes of Allied fighters present. On 10 August, 10.(
Sturm)/JG 3 was renamed 13.(
Sturm)/JG 3. On 16 August 1944, 13./JG 3
Staffelkaptän Oblt.
Ekkehard Tichy (25 kills) was killed when he rammed a B-17; Tichy had lost an eye a year earlier but had continued flying combat missions. By 5 September 1944, when the
Gruppe was withdrawn from the battle, III./JG 3 alone had lost a staggering 56 pilots killed or missing, 23 wounded and 4 POW, while claiming some 54 Allied aircraft shot down. Just the
Gruppenkommandeur, 3
Staffelkapitäne and 4 replacement pilots had survived the three months over the invasion front. On 2 November the two
Sturmgruppen of IV./JG 3 and II./
JG 4 successfully intercepted American bomber formations near
Leipzig. IV./JG 3 attacked the
91st Bomb Group and claimed 13 Fortresses, including two by ramming, while II./JG 4 claimed nine Fortresses from the 457th Bomb Group. The fighter escorts cost JG 3 15 out of their 39 Sturmböcke aircraft, and JG 4 lost 16 out of 22 committed. II./JG 3 on the same day was much less successful when scrambled with other Gruppen to intercept American raids against oil plants in Merseburg. Its Bf 109s ran into the more than 209
P-51 Mustangs of the
20th,
352nd,
359th and
364th Fighter groups which escorted the
1st Bombardment Division. II./JG 3 lost 23 Bf 109s and claimed only three Mustangs and a B-17 shot down. On 5 December 1944, Major Moritz was relieved from command of IV./ JG 3 due to a complete nervous breakdown.
1945 In November 1944 II./JG 3 was separated from the
Geschwader in order to re-equip with the
Me 262 jet fighter and become part of the first jet fighter
Geschwader,
Jagdgeschwader 7. A newly formed II./JG 3 was raised from a former bomber unit at the end of 1944; this new
Gruppe was transferred to the East in early 1945 to counter the Soviet air offensive. During
Operation Bodenplatte, the massed attack on Allied airfields on 1 January 1945,
Jagdschwader 3 was one of the few German fighter units to carry out their operations successfully despite fielding the smallest German force that day. The 22 Fw 190s committed destroyed 43
Typhoons and
Spitfires and damaged 60 more in a 20-minute attack on the
2nd TAF airfield at
Eindhoven (
JG 3 claimed 116 destroyed). However the loss of 16 pilots was a serious blow to the unit. Six were captured, 6 were killed while four were posted as missing. Six pilots returned, three of them were wounded. ==Commanding officers==