Han dynasty In 111 BC, the armies of
Emperor Wu conquered the rebel state of
Nanyue and organized the area as the circuit (
部 bù) of Jiaozhi, under the rule of a
cishi (
:zh:刺史 (cìshǐ)
:vi:thứ sử). In addition to six original
commanderies (
Nanhai,
Hepu,
Cangwu,
Yulin,
Jiaozhi and
Jiuzhen), the Han Empire conquered new territories on
Hainan as well as in the area south of the
Ngang Pass and established them as the commanderies of
Zhuya,
Dan'er, and
Rinan. In 203 CE,
Jiaozhi circuit (交趾部 Jiāozhǐ bù) was raised to a
zhou or province, under the name
Jiaozhou (交州 Jiāozhōu).
Eastern Wu Following the death of
Shi Xie in 226 CE,
Eastern Wu divided Jiaozhou into
Guangzhou and the new Jiaozhou. However, after suppressing Shi Hui (
士徽), son of Shi Xie, Eastern Wu re-annexed Guangzhou into Jiaozhou. It was only in 264 CE that Jiaozhou was re-divided: Guangzhou was composed of three commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu and Yulin while the new Jiaozhou was composed of four commanderies of Hepu, Jiaozhi,
Jiuzhen and
Rinan. Also in the same year, a Roman envoy arrived in Jiaozhi of Jiaozhou and was hastened to the Wu court. In 229, Eastern Wu sent embassy to
Funan, where merchants from India and beyond gathered. The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231,
Lac Viet people in Jiuzhen revolted but was "pacified" by a Wu general. In 248,
Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender. In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu (
Lady Triệu) led a rebellion against the Wu in 248, but was suppressed by
Lu Yin. In 263, "
Yue barbarians" in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen under
Lã Hưng revolted against the Wu dynasty. The rebels handed the region over to Wu's rival, the northern Chinese kingdom of
Jin. In 268 and 269, they held off large Wu armies and fleets, which eventually retook Jiaozhi's ports and main towns in 271. Fighting continued in the countryside until 280, when Jin destroyed Wu, reunifying China.
Jin dynasty In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of
Funan and
Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime “boom” in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s. In 312 rebels and imperial units fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou. Though defeated in 399, Lâm Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades. A Chinese rebel army from
Zhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi's capital in 411. During the Jin dynasty and
Six dynasties period of China, the Li-Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modern
Guangdong and Guangxi, in a swath of land to the east of the
Red River Delta and south and west of the
Pearl River Delta, occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou. The people of Li-Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers.
Southern dynasties In 446,
Liu Song dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern
Huế). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold. Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade. Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485, and in 506 and 515 under
Liang dynasty.
Vạn Xuân kingdom In 541,
Lý Bôn, a leader of the local Lý clan revolted against the Liang. In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himself
Emperor of Nán Yuè with reign era
Thiên-đức. Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties. In 545,
Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548. However even after Lý Bôn's death, Jiaozhou remained autonomous. In 583, Lý Hữu Vinh, a local leader of Jiaozhou sent a trained elephant to the Chen court. Around 589-590 Lý Xuân (
Lý Phật Tử) became the leader of Vạn Xuân. As the authority of
Sui gradually consolidated in southern China, Lý Phật Tử recognized Sui overlordship. In 601, governor of Guangzhou, Ling-hu Hsi forwarded an imperial summons for Phật Tử to appear at the Sui capital. Resolved to resist this demand, Phật Tử sought delay by requesting that the summons be postponed until after the new year. Hsi approved the request, believing that he could keep Phật Tử's allegiance by exercising restraint. Someone, however, accused Hsi of taking a bribe from Phật Tử, and the court grew suspicious. When Phật Tử openly rebelled early in 602, Hsi was promptly arrested; he died en route north. This caused the Sui court called general
Liu Fang to command 27,000 troops attacked Lý Phật Tử from
Yunnan in 602. At Đỗ Long Pass, on the watershed between the
Hsi and
Chảy Rivers, Fang met two thousand of Phật Tử's men. Brushing aside this unsuspecting frontier garrison, Fang descended the Chay River and penetrated into the heart of Phật Tử's realm. Unprepared to resist an assault from such an unexpected quarter, Phật Tử heeded Fang's admonition to surrender and was sent to the Sui capital at
Chang'an.
Lý Phật Tử and his subordinates were beheaded to preclude future trouble. This marked the
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
Sui and Tang dynasty In 622, the rebel
Xiao Xian was defeated by the Tang and the Chinese warlord in Jiaozhou, Qiu He, submitted to the
Tang dynasty. In 679,
Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Annam) was created and replaced the Jiaozhou protectorate.
Ming dynasty The name "
Jiaozhi" was revived for the province encompassing northern Vietnam in the
Ming dynasty. ==See also==