Establishment According to legend, a number of Oromo groups (variously given from five to 10) were led to Jimma by a great sorceress and Queen named Makhore, who carried a
boku (usually connected with the
abba boku, or headman of the Oromo
Gadaa system) which when placed on the ground would cause the earth to tremble and men to fear. It is said that with this
boku, she drove the Kaffa people living in the area across the Gojeb River. While this suggests that the Oromo invaders drove the original inhabitants from the area, Herbert S. Lewis notes that Oromo society was inclusionist, and the only ethnic differences they made are reflected in the history of various kinship groups. Eventually, the Oromo grew unhappy with Makhore's rule, and through a ruse, deprived her of her
virginity, and destroyed her power. The various groups then pursued their own courses, loosely bound into a confederation that held councils at Hulle, where laws were passed under the
abba boku; at this point, Jimma was commonly referred to as
Jimma Kaka. At first, the Badi of
Saqqa were the predominant clan (which led to the alternate name of
Jimma Badi), but late in the 18th century another group, the Diggo of Mana, began to extend their domain, conquering the Lalo clan who lived around
Jiren, and gaining access to the market and trade center at Hirmata (later called
Jimma).
Mohammed Hassen believes that the Badi lost their predominant position in part due to raids by king
Abba Bagibo of
Limmu-Ennarea, but also due to constant infighting. It was during the reign of
Abba Jifar I that the kingdom of Jimma coalesced, and after this time Jimma was frequently referred to as
Jimma Abba Jifar. King Abba Jifar was also converted to
Islam in 1830 by Abdul Hakim, an
Amhara trader from
Gondar, and began the long process of also converting his entire kingdom to that religion. Herbert S. Lewis credits Abba Jifar with having initiated "many administrative and political innovations", despite the lack of specific historical evidence. According to oral tradition, Abba Jifar claimed the right to the extensive areas of the newly conquered land as well as virgin or unused land, which he both kept for himself and used to reward his family, followers and favorites. He reportedly constructed at least five palaces in different parts of Jimma. The historian Mordechai Abir notes that between the years 1839 and 1841 of his reign, Abba Jifar fought with
Abba Bagibo, the King of
Limmu-Ennarea, over the district of Badi-Folla. The area was important for control of the
caravan route between the
Kingdom of Kaffa on the one hand, and the provinces of
Gojjam and
Shewa on the other. While the two Kings negotiated a peace in 1841, and sealed the treaty with the marriage of Abba Jifar's daughter to Abba Bagibo's son Abba Dula, the Jimma King eventually conquered Badi-Folla (1847) and secured control over this important caravan route. Under King
Abba Gomol, the ancient
Kingdom of Garo was conquered and annexed into Jimma. King Gomol settled wealthy men from his kingdom in the former state. He also brought important men from Garo to live at Jiren, thus integrating the two polities. It was shortly after his son
Abba Jifar II assumed the throne that the power of the
neguses of
Shewa began to reach into the Gibe region for the first time in centuries. As Lewis notes, "Borrelli, Franzoj and other travellers accorded him little hope of retaining his kingdom for long." However, heeding the wise advice of his mother
Gumiti, he submitted to Menelik II, and agreed to pay tribute to the
negus, and counseled his neighboring kings to do the same. Although
Hadiya state initially surrendered to the Abyssinians, opposition grew quickly and a resistance movement formed under their new leader
Hassan Enjamo, numerous nobles of the Jimma kingdom including the brother of king Abba Jifar joined the militia in Hadiya. King Abba Jifar instead found himself enthusiastically helping the Shewan king conquer his neighbors:
Kullo in 1889,
Walamo in 1894, and Kaffa in 1897. In 1928, the tribute of Jimma amounted to
MTT87,000 and an additional
MTT15,000 for the army. Following the death of Abba Jifar II, Emperor
Haile Selassie seized the opportunity to finally annex Jimma. As Harold Marcus observes, the kingdom's "autonomy had been undermined by the declining world economy, the deteriorating health of its ruler, the road that slowly advanced from Addis Abeba, the advent of air power, and the transcendent needs of modern, centralized power." On 5 May 1932, the official newspaper
Berhanena Selam editorialized that the kingdom was in danger because her king, Abba Jifar, was old and ill and his grandson and heir no longer properly obeyed the central government and was using the kingdom's revenues to build up an army. Seven days later, on 12 May, 400 soldiers and a team of administrators descended upon Jimma and brought the kingdom to an end. During the reorganization of the provinces in 1942, the last administrative traces of the kingdom vanished into
Kaffa Province. ==Administration==