Robinson was born in 1791 at Berthier,
Lower Canada, he was the son of
Christopher Robinson, a
United Empire Loyalist of one of the
First Families of Virginia, whose ancestor, also named
Christopher Robinson, came there about 1666 as secretary to Sir
William Berkeley,
Governor of Virginia. In 1792, the family moved to
Kingston in Upper Canada and then York (later renamed
Toronto). After his father's death in 1798, he was sent to live and study in Kingston. In 1803, he moved to
Cornwall, where he lived and was educated at the school of the Reverend
John Strachan. Afterwards he articled in law with
D'Arcy Boulton and later
John Macdonell. During the
War of 1812, he served with
Isaac Brock and fought at the
Battle of Queenston Heights. On the death of John Macdonell, he became acting attorney general for the province at the age of 21. He prosecuted the case of 18 settlers from
Norfolk County who had committed treason by taking up arms against their neighbours on behalf of the
Americans in a series of trials later referred to as the "
Bloody Assize". When D'Arcy Boulton returned to Canada in 1814, Robinson was given the post of attorney general. Robinson acquired property on the north-east corner of John and Richmond streets in Toronto and built the prominent Beverley House. Originally built as a small cottage around the time of the War of 1812, he added numerous wings to the property until the alterations filled the square. Robinson lived in Beverley House until his death. In 1817, Robinson was retained by the
North West Company in their civil case against
Lord Selkirk. When the company decided to press for criminal charges of theft and assault against Selkirk, Robinson prosecuted the case. Although he returned the company's retainer, there were allegations of
conflict of interest. Robinson also represented the Crown in the case against
Robert Fleming Gourlay, a reformer critical of government policies. Gourlay was eventually banished from the province. Although the abolition of slavery did not legally come into effect in the British coloniesincluding Upper and Lower Canada, until 1833in 1819, then Attorney General, John Beverley Robinson, declared that in Upper Canada all black residents were protected by British law and were free. In 1820, Robinson was elected to the
8th Parliament of Upper Canada representing the town of
York. Robinson played an important role in the expulsion of
Barnabas Bidwell, a former member of the
United States Congress who was elected in a by-election in
Lennox &
Addington, from the Legislative Assembly. Robinson sailed to
England in 1822, seeking to resolve problems with funding in the province. This culminated in the Canada Trade Act of August 1822 which established import duties on goods transported between the United States and Upper Canada, and Upper Canada's share of duties collected. During his time in England, he was also
called to the bar after completing studies at
Lincoln's Inn. Robinson was the most important member of the
Family Compact, an unofficial clique of Upper Canada's elite, who held the true power in the province. One of the more contentious issues dealt with in the
9th Parliament was the naturalization process for persons who had remained in the United States after 1783 and later came to Canada. Robinson supported a policy dictated by the British Colonial Office which required these people to renounce their American citizenship. He was embarrassed when a new colonial secretary reversed this decision under pressure from those who held opposing views. In 1827 Robinson had a disagreement with
John Walpole Willis, a
puisne judge. Willis took an unusual course of stating in court that Robinson had neglected his duty and that he would feel it necessary "to make a representation on the subject to his majesty's government". Willis also took a strong stand on the question of the legality of the court as then constituted, and this led in June 1828 to Willis being removed from his position by the lieutenant-governor, Sir
Peregrine Maitland. In 1829, Robinson became chief justice of the Court of King's Bench and held this post for 34 years. In 1830, he was appointed to the
Legislative Council for the province. In the aftermath of
Upper Canada Rebellion, he pressed for executions of the rebel leaders, including
Peter Matthews and
Samuel Lount (to quote: "in his Opinion it was necessary for the ends of Justice, and due to the Loyal Inhabitants of the Province, that some examples should be made in the way of Capital punishments"). Although he opposed the uniting of Upper and Lower Canada, several of his recommendations found their way into the
Union Act of 1840. In 1850, he was appointed a Companion of the
Order of the Bath (CB) and created a
baronet in 1854. Robinson married Emma Walker on 5 June 1817 while in England. They had four sons and three daughters. Three sons became lawyers. His youngest son attained the rank of major-general in the
British Army. His second son,
John Beverley Robinson, entered politics, serving as
Mayor of Toronto, as a member of cabinet in the federal government and was appointed lieutenant governor of Ontario in the 1880s. He was a first cousin of Sir
Frederick Philipse Robinson. His brother
William Benjamin Robinson married Elizabeth Ann, daughter of
William Jarvis, and his elder sister Mary married Major Stephen Heward, formerly of the
Grenadier Guards and later Auditor-General of
Upper Canada. His younger sister Esther married D'Arcy Boulton (1785–1846), the son of
G. D'Arcy Boulton, who built
The Grange and also served as Auditor-General of Upper Canada. He was the stepson of
Elisha Beman, one of the important founders of
Newmarket, Ontario. In the spring of 1861, Robinson suffered a severe attack of
gout and curtailed his work on the bench. He resigned from the Queen's Bench on 15 March 1862, and was appointed presiding judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. Later in 1862, he had another attack of gout and finally retired in January 1863. On 28 January, Bishop Strachan gave him communion, and he died three days later. ==Tributes and legacy==