John Goldmark

Goldmark was born on October 7, 1917, in Scarsdale, New York. He was the only child of Charles J. Goldmark, an electrical engineer of Austrian Jewish descent, and Ruth Ingersoll, an academic in English literature. He graduated from Haverford College, where he was first in his class, and from Harvard Law School in 1941, where he was a member of the law review. == Early career ==

Goldmark intended to work in public service but when World War II began, he applied for a commission with the U.S. Navy and, in the interim, moved to Washington, D.C., to work at the Office of Price Administration in 1941. At the time of their courtship she had been a member of the American Communist Party since 1935, paying dues and attending study groups, but Goldmark was averse to the organization and she later stated that she resigned her membership in 1943, the year after they married. He was called up by the Navy during the summer of 1942 as an apprentice seaman, and went through officer training before being commissioned at the rank of ensign in December. While back in D.C. for bomb disposal training, he married Ringe and the couple had their first child, Charles, in January 1944. A few days later, Goldmark was deployed to Oceania where he worked in bomb disarmament in New Guinea and Australia. He was seconded to the Army to work in bomb and missile disarmament during the campaign to re-capture the Philippines. Following his discharge after the war in 1945, Goldmark and his family moved west, where he believed people were "less twisted up in tradition, class and inhibitions." They relocated first to White Salmon, Washington, where he worked for an orchardist and where, in 1946, their second child Peter was born. In the spring of the following year, the family moved to Okanogan County, where Goldmark bought a wheat and cattle ranch on the Colville Indian Reservation, northeast of Seattle. The family briefly encountered issues with Ringe's past – she was questioned in 1949 by two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents about her experiences in the Communist Party and in 1956, she was subpoenaed to testify at a Seattle hearing of the United States House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – but they believed those concerns were behind them. Goldmark had joined the Navy reserves as a commander and he received top security clearance, even after an interview in which he mentioned his wife's past. He became involved in community organizations in Okanogan, including the Grange and the Wheat Grower's Association. He served on the Rural Electrification Board in the 1950s, where he pushed for public hydropower using the recently constructed Grand Coulee Dam, as electricity was controlled by the Washington Water Power Company, which charged higher prices than most farmers could afford. Supporters of the dam were nicknamed "Coulee Communists" at the time. == Political career ==

and others in 1961 Goldmark was also active in Democratic politics; he started a local branch of the Young Democrats, was elected president of the state organization by 1951 and the following year was a delegate for Adlai Stevenson at the 1952 Democratic National Convention. Goldmark had earned a pilot's license in 1949 and was known initially for flying his plane to the state capital in Olympia. He served a total of six years in the legislature, where he was actively involved with budget and tax issues and argued in favor of public electrical power. He supported the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), sponsoring a bill they drafted to protect due process and the right to free speech in trade unions in 1959, and became a member of their state committee. He also encouraged the creation of a state art commission. Goldmark was re-elected three times to the legislature, in 1956, 1958 and 1960, by a margin of three-to-two. He ran to be speaker of the house in 1960 but withdrew to support John L. O'Brien, who appointed him as a floor lieutenant. The same year, he was a keynote speaker at a campaign meeting in Seattle for John F. Kennedy during his presidential campaign and was a delegate at the 1960 Democratic National Convention, again voting for Stevenson. He was chair of the House ways and means committee, becoming the most powerful House Democrat besides the speaker, and the legislative budget committee in 1961. == Accusation of communism ==

Prior to the 1962 election, the anti-communism movement had begun to grow locally, with the formation of the Okanogan County Anti-Communism League in 1961, led by Loris Gillespie, a businessman and former county Republican chair, and Don Caron, state coordinator of the John Birch Society who had become a cause célèbre for quitting his job with the U.S. Forest Service when they asked him to stop running his anti-communist column in the Okanogan Independent. Study groups began to appear across the county to listen to tapes by Fred Schwarz and Ronald Reagan and discuss the threat of communism. A local pastor who preached against false claims of communism was moved out of the county and local residents began to protest the proposed affiliation of the local library with the North Central Regional Library and films such as Inherit the Wind and Exodus, fearing these were all signs of communism. in 1947|left During Goldmark's last term in office, articles began to appear about him in local papers. After leaving office, Canwell established the "American Intelligence Service", through which he maintained files on local figures he suspected of communism and published this information in his newsletter The Vigilante. He had been told in 1956 by an employee of HUAC that Ringe was a former member of the Communist Party. In January 1962, along with Holden, he published an article in his newsletter about a state legislator married to "Irma Mae Ringe", identified as a former communist who had studied with Victor Perlo, which alleged that her husband supported the Communist regime in China. Goldmark was not named, although some local people were aware of his wife's maiden name. During the event, state senator Hallauer went on stage, claiming the meeting was a personal attack on him and Goldmark. He was removed from the stage as, he later claimed, the crowd cheered for him to be thrown out. The event was summarised by Holden in the Tonasket Tribune, where he also wrote an editorial claiming that Goldmark was "a tool of a monstrous conspiracy" and "the idol of the Pinkos and ultra-liberals who infest every session of the legislature". Goldmark lost by a three to one margin in the September primary, coming fourth out of five challengers, and Democrats Horace W. Bozarth and Joe Haussler were ultimately elected in the 1962 general election for the 1st district. In 1960, he had received 4,395 votes in the primary but in 1962, he received 2,567 votes compared to the 6,521 and 5,568 votes received by his successful opponents. Following his loss, Canwell described his talk at the Legion Hall as "the bullet that got Goldmark" in his newsletter. == Libel case ==

Furious, Goldmark and his wife filed suit for $225,000 against the Tonasket Tribune, Holden, Canwell, Gillespie and Caron. The couple claimed they were the victims of libel, as the defendants had falsely claimed that they were members of, or sympathetic to, the Communist Party. The John Birch Society was initially listed as a defendant on charges of conspiracy, but these were dismissed prior to the hearing in September 1963. Holden contended that the lawsuit was an "effort to scare the living daylights out of conservatives everywhere in the nation". The claimants called witnesses who included actor Sterling Hayden, writer Paul Jacobs, senator Harry P. Cain, state representative Slade Gorton and their elder son. The trial lasted 43 days and ended with the defendants' attorneys arguing in their closing statement that there was not a conspiracy to defame Goldmark and they had simply been campaigning against an elected official. Each of the defendants was found guilty, with the most damages awarded against Holden for his editorial, although the jury did not rule that there had been a conspiracy. The defendants appealed and on December 18, 1964, Turner overturned the judgment due to a ruling by the United States Supreme Court in March 1964. The court had held in the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan on March 9, 1964, that public officials could not claim damages for comments about any actions in relation to their official duties unless there was proof of malice. Turner said that while the case proved that the defendants had falsely claimed that Goldmark was a communist, it had not been proven that this was done maliciously. The defendants considered this a victory, with Canwell describing Ringe as a lesbian communist, but Goldmark chose not to appeal the decision and request a new trial as his concern was proving the charges were false, which had been accomplished. == Later life and legacy ==

Goldmark retired from public life; the family initially returned to the ranch but in 1966, he was unseated by a horse and nearly died from hypothermia before he was found. He broke his hip, forcing him to relearn how to walk. Goldmark's wife Irma died in 1985, the same year that, on December 24, a stranger named David L. Rice broke into the house of their son Charles, chloroformed him, his wife Annie and their two sons and murdered them. Goldmark's second son Peter J. Goldmark was elected as the Washington State Commissioner of Public Lands in 2008. == References ==