Civil Information and Education Section

The CIE was initially established in the Yokohama General Headquarters, US Pacific Command, on September 22, 1945, through General Orders 193. It was formed initially as an independent staff group from two different organizations, the Education Branch of the Public Affairs Division and the Information Dissemination Section, which themselves had been created only a few months before. On October 2 of the same year, it was incorporated into General Headquarters and moved to the Radio Tokyo Building in Hibiya Park. After several reorganizations in the course of the occupation administration, the CIE as an organization was abolished at the end of the occupation on 28 April 1952. ==Organization==

The first Chief of Section was Brigadier General Kermit R. Dyke, formerly a vice-president of the National Broadcasting Company. In May 1946, Lieutenant Colonel Donald R. Nugent became the second Chief. Organisational structure CIE consisted of the following four groups and seven committees • Primary Group初等班 • Secondary Group中等班 • Higher Secondary Group高等班 • Special Education Group 特種教育班 • Cooperation Committee 協同委員会 • Teacher training committee 教員養成委員会 • Higher School Investigation Committee 高等調査委員会 • Textbooks and educational materials licensing committee 教科書および教育資料許可調査委員会 • Research and Information Committee 調査情報委員会 • Review Committee 審査委員会 • Liaison Committee 連絡委員会 Membership Members of the Bureau who have served • Don Brown - Chief of the Information Section • David Conde - first head of the Film Unit • John Pelzel - Chief of the Public Opinion and Social Research Section • Walter Crosby Eales - Adviser • Robert B. Downs - Special Adviser • Frank Shozo Baba - Radio Section • Winfield Niblo - Instructor • - Chief, Religious Resources Section • William Woodard - Religious and Cultural Resources Section • Lulu Holmes - Chief, Religious and Cultural Resources Section • Mark Orr - Education Section Chief • Ernest Sato - Photographer • Suekichi Akaba (photographer) • Erimichi Asai - Advisor • Joji Saito - Advisor • Eitaro Suzuki - Advisor • Takeuchi Toshimi - Advisor, Public Opinion and Social Research Department • Keigo Seki - Adviser • Hideo Kishimoto - Advisor, Religious Administration • Taeko Nakamura ==Activities==

The CIE undertook a very wide range of educational and cultural reforms in occupied Japan, including education in general (primary, secondary and higher education, social education), qualification of education personnel, various media (newspapers, magazines, radio), arts (film, theater), religion (Shinto, Buddhism, Christianity, emerging religions), public opinion research, and cultural property protection. Compared to Germany and Italy, which were also defeated, control over Japan was stricter. News media The initial role of the CIE in news media was to promote an independent press as part of its support for democratization. The CIE intervened to prompt reform the press club system in 1949. Educational reform The CIE was involved in the enactment of the Fundamental Law of Education through the Education Reform Commission and other committees, the establishment of the National Diet Library, the promotion of public and school libraries, and the establishment of 23 information centres (CIE libraries) in various parts of Japan. ==References==