She was born Josephine Garis in
Ashtabula County, Ohio, on March 8, 1839, and raised in
Valparaiso, Indiana. She was the daughter of John Garis, a civil engineer, and Irene Fitch Garis, as well as the granddaughter of an innovator. After moving to her sister's home in
Shelbyville, Illinois, she married William Cochran (later Cochrane) on October 13, 1858. William had returned the year before from a disappointing try at the
California Gold Rush but had gone on to become a prosperous dry goods merchant and
Democratic Party politician. She took her husband's name but spelt it with an "e" on the end. Josephine and William had 2 children: Hallie and Katharine. In 1870, the family moved into a mansion, and Cochrane joined Chicago society. After one
dinner party, some of the heirloom dishes got chipped while being washed, prompting her to search for a better alternative to handwashing. She also wanted to relieve tired housewives from the duty of washing dishes after a meal.
Cochrane’s dishwasher Other attempts had been made to produce a commercially viable dishwasher. In 1850 Joel Houghton designed a hand-cranked dish soaker, In the 1860s, L.A. Alexander improved on the device with a geared mechanism that allowed the user to spin racked dishes through a tub of water. Neither of these devices was particularly effective. Josephine Cochrane's invention of the dishwashing machine eventually became a success. However, this not only took a great deal of time and effort, but she also faced numerous obstacles in her journey to becoming a successful female innovator. Following the death of her husband in 1883, Cochrane was left with only $1,535.59 (about the equivalent of US$47,000 today) and a significant amount of debt, which she had to pay off. After filing her first
patent application on December 31, 1885, she began developing a prototype of her product. She then hired her first employee, a young mechanic name George Butters, to assist her in the construction of the dishwasher. She received a patent on December 28, 1886. A challenge she faced was selling her product to individual households, specifically housewives. The first dishwashers were too expensive for an average household, costing between $75 and $100, which most women would not spend on an item for their kitchen even if it meant easing the effort they had to put in washing dishes. However, years later, homes began adding boilers that were big enough to meet those requirements, eventually allowing Cochrane to sell to housewives. The
World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 was pivotal in Cochrane's business as other companies relying heavily on investors were wiped out the same year in the
Panic of 1893. Following the exposition, many restaurants and hotels placed orders (with colleges and hospitals delayed in following due to sanitation requirements). In 1898, she opened her own factory with George Butters as manager so she could extend her sales north and south, reaching from Mexico to Alaska. Her main customers continued to be hotels and restaurants. It was not until the 1950s that dishwashers became popular for home usage. Cochrane died in 1913 at 74. In 1926, her company was sold to KitchenAid, now part of
Whirlpool Corporation.
Death and recognition Cochrane either died of a
stroke or
exhaustion in
Chicago, Illinois, on August 3, 1913, aged 74, and was buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Shelbyville, Illinois. In 2006, she was inducted into the
National Inventors Hall of Fame. ==Further reading==