Masked tityra

The masked tityra was originally described in 1825 as Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus. However, genus Pachyrhynchus had been created in 1820 for beetles so by the principle of priority the masked tityra required assignment to a different genus. It eventually was placed in Tityra that Viellot had erected in 1816. The masked tityra has these nine subspecies: • T. s. hannumi Van Rossem & Hachisuka, 1937 • T. s. griseiceps Ridgway, 1888 • T. s. deses Bangs, 1915 • T. s. personata Jardine & Selby, 1827 • T. s. costaricensis Ridgway, 1906 • T. s. columbiana Ridgway, 1906 • T. s. nigriceps Allen, JA, 1888 • T. s. semifasciata (Spix, 1825) • T. s. fortis Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 ==Description==

The masked tityra is long and weighs . The species is sexually dimorphic. Adult males of the nominate subspecies T. s. semifasciata have bare rosy red skin from their bill to and around their eye. They have a black forecrown and the color wraps behind and under the red skin. The rest of their head and their upperparts are pale grayish white with a heavy pearly gray cast. Their wings are mostly black with grayish white tertials. Their tail is grayish white with a wide black band near the end. Their throat and underparts are whitish. Adult females have the same bare red skin as males but without any black on the head; their head is a smokier gray than the male's. Their upperparts are a darker gray than the male's with brown streaks and smudges. Their wings and tail are like the male's. Their throat and underparts are a dingy pale grayish. The other subspecies of the masked tityra differ from the nominate and each other thus: • T. s. hannumi: very similar to nominate • T. s. griseiceps: (male) grayer upperparts; (female) pale gray head and upperparts, gray-brown wash on back, paler and grayer wing coverts • T. s. deses: paler overall • T. s. personata: (male) grayish brown head and upperparts, darker on the head • T. s. costaricensis: (male) upperparts, wing coverts, and base of tail paler gray; (female) darker than nominate, especially the head • T. s. columbiana: (male) less white on base of outer tail feathers; (female) browner upperparts • T. s. nigriceps: (male) whiter overall with more black on the face and wider black tail band • T. s. fortis: very similar to nominate with a longer bill Both sexes of all subspecies have a reddish brown to brick-red iris, a slightly hooked rosy red bill with a black end, and blackish legs and feet. ==Distribution and habitat==

The subspecies of the masked tityra are found thus: to in Costa Rica and Venezuela, to in Colombia and Peru, and to in Ecuador. ==Behavior==

Movement The masked tityra is a year round resident. However, one individual spent February and March 1989 in southern Texas following an extensive freeze in Mexico. Feeding The masked tityra feeds mostly on fruits and also includes invertebrates and occasionally small lizards in its diet. It forages singly, in pairs, and in small groups, and is not known to join mixed-species feeding flocks. It forages mostly from the forest's mid-story to its canopy, perching in the open and gleaning while perched or while hopping along a branch. It also sometimes takes its food with a short sally, with or without a brief hover, from the perch. Breeding The masked tityra's breeding season varies geographically. It includes May in Guatemala, March to July in Costa Rica, and January to May in Colombia. Males display to females by running back and forth on a branch while drooping the wings and making a croaking sound. The species nests in a tree cavity, often a woodpecker hole, on a bed of dead leaves, twigs, and other plant fibers. Nests are mostly between about above the ground but have been found as low as . The clutch is two to three eggs; the female alone incubates for about 18 to 21 days. Fledging occurs about 20 to 30 days after hatch and both parents provision nestlings. Vocalization The masked tityra has a wide variety of calls including "a distinctive buzzy, nasal, staccato, and croaking or clicking zzzu rrk or zzr zzzrt and rr-rr-rrk...a dry, nasal, and grunting or almost pig-like querp or kuert, sometimes doubled...or a longer and more rhythmic series of similar notes with two pitches, ghe-rák-gherik". It also makes a "quieter rruk, rruk or eg-eg call, snorted gaaaa, and variety of dry notes that recall some insect sounds". ==Status==

The IUCN has assessed the masked titrya as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range; its estimated population of at least five million mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is found in many national parks and other protected areas and "[m]uch suitable habitat for this [species] remains in relatively pristine condition within its large range". Masked tityra (Tityra semifasciata personata) male Copan.jpg|T. s. personataCopan, Honduras Masked Tityra 3.jpg|T. s. costaricensisTurrialba, Costa Rica ==References==