Junk fees are fees designed to confuse or deceive consumers by exploiting their behavioral biases. These tend to come in the form of mandatory back-end fees and hidden add-on charges, which obscure the true cost of goods and services. Junk fees stand in contrast to "all-in", "upfront" pricing where consumers are shown a true single price, inclusive of fees, at the start of the shopping process. Economists criticize junk fees for "increas[ing] search costs and equilibrium prices, distort[ing] consumer choices, and divert[ing] innovation toward exploitative rather than value-enhancing strategies".