Realizing that unity was needed to coordinate efforts against the French and to deal with British aid, several supreme juntas—
Murcia,
Valencia,
Seville and
Castile and León—called for the formation of a central one. After a series of negotiations between the juntas and the discredited
Council of Castile, which initially had supported
Joseph I, a "
Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies" met in
Aranjuez on 25 September 1808, with the
Conde de Floridablanca as its president. Serving as a surrogate for the absent king and royal government, it succeeded in calling for representatives from local provinces and the overseas possessions to meet in an "
Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation", so called because it would be both the single legislative body for the whole empire and the body which would write a constitution for it. By the beginning of 1810, the forces under the Supreme Central Junta's command had suffered serious military reverses—the
Battle of Ocaña, the
Battle of Alba de Tormes—in which the French not only inflicted large losses on the Spanish, but also took control of southern Spain and forced the government to retreat to
Cádiz, the last redoubt available to it on Spanish soil (see the
Siege of Cádiz). In light of this, the Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening a parliamentary Cortes. The system of juntas was replaced by a regency and the
Cortes of Cádiz, which established a permanent government under the
Constitution of 1812. ==Spanish America==