Kabyles hadra

''Kabaile El Had'ra'' was originally the name given to the Arabized Berber mountain people of North Constantine who had abandoned mountain life to settle in the plains and in the cities. In local tradition, the name used to designate the Arabic-speaking tribes of northern Constantine seems to have been "''Qabail El Had'ra", as opposed to the "Qabail En-nighass"'' or Qabail (Berber-speaking tribes). == Society ==

The region of the Kabaile El Had'ra corresponds to that of the Kutama Berbers who have become Arabized. == Dialectology ==

Eastern Kabylia has been subject to Arabization since the medieval period, but the Kabyle language experienced a significant decline between 1886 and 1913 due to French colonization. Regarding the Arabic dialect of eastern Kabylia, the weakening of articulatory tension is generally attributed to the influence of the Berber substrate. In this regard, Philippe Marçais emphasizes that "the Arabic speaker of eastern Kabylia tends to relax articulatory tension, to open their mouth where it was initially closed, and consequently to spirantize former plosives." However, since spirantization constitutes one of the phonetic characteristics of the Berber dialects of the North, in particular according to André Basset, it is difficult not to see this as the direct effect of Berber influence. The Kabyle language spoken in Lower Kabylia, in contrast to that of Greater Kabylia (which has preserved Berber), is the result of linguistic sedimentation, composed of an initial Berber layer, upon which a second Berber-Arabic layer and a third Arabic layer were superimposed, thus forming a complex picture resulting from contact between populations from different backgrounds. The Arabic spoken in Jijel, which Philippe Marçais rightly considers "one of the types furthest removed from that on which the literary language is based," is distinguished precisely by this distance. According to the author, this is attributable to the influence of the Berber substrate, which, in many cases, constitutes the direct cause of a number of innovations specific to this dialect. The particularity of the Jijel dialect is thus explained by the fact that it probably represents one of the Arabic dialects most profoundly marked by the influence of the Berber substrate. From a grammatical point of view, we note certain structures borrowed from Berbers, particularly outside the city of Jijel, in the mountains, such as plurals with the suffix -en: "aqtot" (cat) becomes "aqtoten", "aurez" (heel) becomes "awerzen", "aɣrum" (bread) becomes "aɣrumen" and "aɣunga" (spoon) becomes "iɣengiwen". To form a name of profession, the dialect of Jijel, like some in Morocco, frames a root with the complex Berber morpheme "ta-. .. t": taserrâjt (saddlery), taxerraz(e)t (shoemaking), tabennay(e)t (masonry), tabeqqal(e)t (trade), taberrah(e)t (public crier's profession). == References ==