Aikhenvald (1999) classifies it as a Middle Rio Negro, North Amazonian language, along with
Bahuana and
Manao. Kaufman (1994) had placed it in a branch of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian along with two long-extinct languages,
Jumana (Yumana) and
Pasé, which Aikhenvald leaves unclassified. Ruhlen (1987) classified it as a Rio Negro language, along with Yumana, Pasé and Manao. ==References==