West Bromwich Albion Wilson came to
West Bromwich Albion at the age of 7, alongside
Sam Field, and they were joined by
Jonathan Leko three years later: all made their professional debuts in 2016. Five days after his debut, Wilson was named in West Brom's squad for their
Premier League game against
Middlesbrough at
The Hawthorns. Had he come onto the pitch, he would have been the league's first player born in the 2000s.
Exeter City loan Wilson joined
Exeter City on loan for five months on the summer transfer deadline day. He did not make his league debut until 28 October, in a 1–1 draw at
Mansfield Town. He was sent off on his debut for accumulating two yellow cards, being given his marching orders in the 93rd minute.
Tranmere Rovers loan On 9 August 2019, Wilson joined
Tranmere Rovers on loan until January 2020, making his debut the next day in a 2–0 loss to
Portsmouth Forest Green Rovers Wilson signed permanently with
Forest Green Rovers on a two-year deal on 8 July 2020. The
2021–22 season brought success for Wilson on both a club and individual level. With promotion to League One secured for the first time in the club's history after a 0–0 draw with
Bristol Rovers, Wilson was awarded the League Two Player of the Season award the following day at the
2022 EFL Awards as well as being named in the
2021–22 League Two Team of the Season.
Bristol City On 10 June 2022, Wilson signed a three-year contract for Championship team
Bristol City. In a season hampered by injury, the full-back made seven appearances, providing one goal and one assist for the Robins.
Derby County On 10 July 2023, Wilson signed a two-year deal with
Derby County for a undisclosed fee. Wilson picked up a minor knee injury in the match at home to
Oxford United on 15 August which ruled him out of action for four weeks. Upon his return, Wilson became a fans favourite with his skills and his desire to take opposition on as he showed in a substitute appearance in 3–0 victory against
Barnsley on 11 November 2023. In a November 2023 interview to the
Derby Telegraph, Wilson appreciated the support he got from Derby fans since he joined On 16 March 2024, Wilson scored his second goal for Derby in a 1–0 win over promotion rivals
Bolton Wanderers. Wison made 49 appearances, scoring three times during his first season as Derby as they finished runners-up in the division and earn promotion to the Championship automatically. On 9 August 2024, Wilson scored in Derby's first game of the
2024–25 season in a 4–2 defeat at
Blackburn Rovers in the Championship. On 17 August 2024, Wilson picked up a hamstring injury in the match against
Middlesbrough. He returned a month later and scored his second goal of the season in Derby's 4–0 win over
Portsmouth on 13 December 2024. Wilson had another hamstring injury in January 2025 which ruled him out for six weeks. Wilson left Derby in August 2025, appearing 85 times, scoring five time during his two year spell at the club.{{cite news|url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2025/08/transfer-news-kane-wilson-departs-for-milton-keynes-dons|title=TRANSFER NEWS: Kane Wilson departs for Milton Keynes Dons
Milton Keynes Dons On 31 August 2025, Wilson joined
Milton Keynes Dons of League Two for an undisclosed fee, reuniting with former Derby manager
Paul Warne.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c8jp4ez2vzlo|title=MK Dons sign Derby wing-back Wilson ==International career==