Kangaroo meat

Kangaroo meat production begins with the harvesting of wild kangaroos by licensed shooters in designated harvest zones. The kangaroos are killed humanely in accordance with the Australian Standard for the Hygienic Production of Wild Game Meat for Human Consumption (AS 4464:2007). Kangaroo harvesting only occurs in approved harvest zones, with quotas set to ensure population sustainability. In Victoria, quotas were formally introduced in 2019, starting at 93,640 kangaroos and peaking at 166,750 in 2023, before decreasing to 111,575 in 2024 to balance ecological and management needs. If numbers approach minimum thresholds harvest zones are closed until populations recover. Kangaroos are harvested by licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice to ensure high standards of both humaneness and food hygiene. Meat that is exported is inspected by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Processing facilities Game meat processing plants are equipped to handle kangaroo carcasses under strict hygiene and food safety standards. Processing involves inspection of carcasses, trimming of contaminated or damaged parts, and further butchering into cuts such as fillets, steaks, and mince. Cross-contamination is strictly prohibited, and separate licenses are required for each type of transport. These depots are licensed and regularly audited to ensure compliance with Australian food safety regulations. ==Nutrition and products==

, United States Kangaroo meat has been a staple source of protein for many Indigenous Australians for over 40,000 years CLA has been attributed with a wide range of health benefits including anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetes properties, in addition to reducing obesity and atherosclerosis. In addition to being a rich source of protein and CLA, kangaroo meat contains all nine essential amino-acids in quantities that surpass the FAO/WHO standards for a complete protein. Its superior amino acid profile contributes to its biological value of 99%, which is higher than that of beef, veal, or venison. Kangaroo meat is also a nutrient-dense food, providing significant levels of essential vitamins and minerals. A 100g serving can supply up to 40% of the daily riboflavin requirement and 35% of the daily iron requirement, in addition to being a good source of thiamine, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc. Kangaroo was once limited in availability, although consumption in Australia is becoming more widespread. However, only 14.5% of Australians were reported in 2008 as eating kangaroo meat at least four times per year. Many Australian supermarkets now stock various cuts of kangaroo, Kangaroo meat has been exported since 1959, and before a suspension on imports of kangaroo meat to Russia in 2009 it was widely used in Russian luncheon meats. California is the only U.S. state to have banned kangaroo products outright, as it has done since 1971, although with a hiatus from 2007 to 2016, when a moratorium was in place. In 2008, the industry was worth around A$250–270 million a year and provides around 4,000 jobs in Australia. Kangaroo meat is also processed into pet food. ==Purity and safety==

Kangaroo meat is exceptionally clean, not only compared to farmed livestock, but also compared to other wild game meats. Comprehensive data from the 2022–23 National Residue Survey (NRS) underscores this purity, showing that no tested kangaroo meat samples contained detectable levels of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, heavy metals or veterinary medicine residues above the limit of reporting (LOR), with thresholds as low as 0.01 mg/kg. Kangaroo meat demonstrates exceptionally low lead concentrations, measured at a mean of 0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg wet weight, highlighting its cleanliness as a protein source. This exceptional cleanliness can be attributed to kangaroos' unique lifestyle and habitat. Roaming freely across Australia's wide, remote plains, kangaroos graze on native vegetation in areas far removed from industrial or agricultural contamination. Unlike other animals that may inhabit regions with polluted soils or proximity to industrial sites, kangaroos' natural environment minimises exposure to legacy contaminants and modern pollutants. Even plant-based foods, including organic crops, face contamination risks that kangaroo meat avoids. Residues of persistent pesticides like DDT and naturally occurring toxins such as mycotoxins are often detected in plant-derived products due to soil contamination and storage conditions. By contrast, kangaroos are entirely removed from these agricultural systems, ensuring their meat remains untouched by these risks. In addition to being free from historical pollutants, kangaroo meat also avoids modern contamination risks such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These chemicals are increasingly found in seafood, processed foods, and water supplies due to industrial activity. Kangaroos' natural grazing habits and remote habitats mean that their meat remains unaffected by these emerging contaminants. Kangaroo meat offers a uniquely clean protein source for health-conscious consumers. Its combination of a wild grazing lifestyle, pristine environment, and rigorous safety testing ensures it remains free from the contamination pathways affecting farmed livestock, plant-based foods, and other wild game meats. ==Food safety standards==

The Australian Standard for the Hygienic Production of Wild Game Meat for Human Consumption (AS 4464:2007) sets strict requirements for the hygienic handling, transport, and processing of kangaroo meat for human consumption. Compliance with this standard is mandatory for licensed businesses harvesting and processing kangaroo meat in order to meet state and territorial licensing requirements, as well as export regulations. Sanitised tools must be used at all times, and contamination must be immediately trimmed from affected carcasses. State regulations, such as the NSW Food Regulation 2015, incorporate these standards into licensing requirements. For export, the Export Control (Wild Game Meat and Wild Game Meat Products) Rules 2021 mandate compliance with AS 4464:2007, ensuring wild game meat meets international food safety standards. These measures ensure kangaroo meat and other wild game products meet high safety and hygiene standards. The incorporation of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) principles further ensures that the meat is safe for consumption and compliant with both domestic and international regulations. ==Population sustainability and environmental impact==

Kangaroo meat is sourced from the 4 main species of kangaroos that are harvested in the wild. Although most species of macropod are protected from non-Aboriginal hunting in Australia by law, a number of the large-sized species which exist in high numbers can be hunted by commercial hunters. This policy has been criticised by some animal rights activists. On the other hand, the kangaroo harvest is supported by some professional ecologists in Australia. Groups such as the Ecological Society of Australia, the Australasian Wildlife Management Society and the Australian Mammal Society have stated their support for kangaroo harvesting. Such groups argue that basing agricultural production systems on native animals rather than introduced livestock like sheep offers considerable ecological advantages to the fragile Australian rangelands and could save greenhouse gas emissions. Although it is impossible to determine the exact number, government conservation agencies in each state calculate population estimates each year. Nearly 40 years of refinement has led to the development of aerial survey techniques which enable overall populations estimates to be constructed. Populations of the large kangaroo species in the commercial harvest zones across Australia vary from approximately 25 to 50 million kangaroos at any given point in time. Kangaroos are protected by legislation in Australia, both state and federal. Kangaroo harvesting only occurs in approved harvest zones and quotas are set to ensure the sustainability of kangaroo populations. If numbers approach minimum thresholds harvest zones are closed until populations recover. Kangaroos are harvested by licensed shooters in accordance with a strict code of practice to ensure high standards of both humaneness and food hygiene. Meat that is exported is inspected by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). In 1981, the Australian meat substitution scandal revealed that kangaroo meat intentionally mislabeled as beef had been exported to the United States and other countries. Harvest quotas are set by state or territory governments but all commercial harvest plans must be approved by the Australian Government. Only approved species can be harvested and these include: red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus), western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), and common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus). Sustainable use quotas are typically between 10 and 20% of estimated kangaroo populations. Total populations are estimated by aerial surveys and a decade of previous data and quota numbers are calculated by government and science organisations to ensure sustainability. Even though quotas are established by each state, very rarely does actual culling reach 35% of the total quotas allowed. For instance, "[i]n the 2015 harvest period, 25.9% of the commercial harvest quota (for Queensland) was utilised". When quotas are not utilised landholders in most states and territories resort to culling overabundant kangaroo populations. As kangaroos are protected, permits are still required but culled carcasses are generally either mass buried in large underground graves or left in paddocks to decompose and not utilised. ==Animal welfare==

The kangaroo meat industry has attracted critical attention in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States from animal rights organisations. Their concerns centre on the hunting process, in which all kangaroo meat for the global market comes from kangaroos harvested in the wild. In 2009 wildlife ecologist Dr Dror Ben-Ami for a University of Technology Sydney think-tank estimated that 440,000 "dependent young kangaroos" are bludgeoned or starved to death each year after their mother has been shot. In the United Kingdom, the sale of kangaroo meat has prompted protests from animal welfare campaigners. The German retailer Lidl announced in 2018 that it would stop selling kangaroo steaks following "customer feedback". The Iceland chain, Tesco and Morrisons have previously stopped selling lines of kangaroo meat. Some suggest that when such campaigns are successful in decreasing commercial harvesting rates, this leads to an increase in non-commercial culling of kangaroos, permits for which are available in every Australian state and territory to address issues associated with over-abundant kangaroo populations. Non-commercial culling can be carried out by non-professional shooters, unlike professional harvesters, who are required to undertake regular accuracy testing to ensure that humane standards are being met. It is more difficult to monitor non-commercial culling practices, and kangaroos killed under these permits may not be sold commercially and so are left to decompose in paddocks, rather than being used. A study by the RSPCA suggested that around 40% of kangaroos are shot incorrectly (i.e., in the body, while the code of practice enjoins harvesters to shoot them in the head unless doing so is impractical). The RSPCA (2002) further warns that "sampling at the processor does not take into account the number of kangaroos shot in the field that were not taken to the chiller or processor", and that "accurate surveying of shooters is extremely difficult because of observer influence affecting the results." It is recognised that most kangaroo shooting cannot be observed; "in most circumstances where kangaroos are shot this is not feasible". There has been no large-scale independent study since. ==Kangatarianism==

Kangatarianism is a recent practice of following a diet that cuts out meat except kangaroo on environmental and ethical grounds. Several Australian newspapers wrote about the neologism "Kangatarianism" in February 2010, describing eating a vegetarian diet with the addition of kangaroo meat as a choice with environmental benefits because indigenous wild kangaroos require no extra land or water for farming and produce little methane (a greenhouse gas) unlike cattle or other farm animals. Advocates of Kangatarianism also choose it because Australian kangaroos live natural lives, eat organic food, and are killed humanely. For similar reasons, Australians have discussed eating only the meat of Australian feral camels ("Cameltarianism"). ==Name==

There has been discussion from the kangaroo meat industry about attempting to introduce a specific culinary name for kangaroo meat, similar to the reference to pig meat as ham and pork, and calling deer meat venison. The motivation is to have diners thinking of the meat rather than the animal and avoiding adverse reactions to the eating of an animal considered to be cute. In 2005 the Food Companion International magazine, with support from the Kangaroo Industry Association of Australia, ran a competition hoping to find a name that would not put diners off when they saw it on a menu. The three-month competition attracted over 2,700 entries from 41 nations, and the name australus was decided in December 2005. The name was penned by university professor Steven West, an American about to be naturalised as an Australian citizen. Other finalists for the name included kangarly, maroo, krou, maleen, kuja, roujoe, rooviande, jurru, ozru, marsu, kep, kangasaurus, marsupan, jumpmeat, and MOM (meat of marsupials). The competition is not binding on the Kangaroo Industry Association, which has not moved to adopt the new name in any official capacity. ==Traditional Aboriginal use==

Central Australia. Kangaroo formed an important part of many traditional Aboriginal diets. Kangaroo is called Kere aherre by the Arrernte people of Central Australia: You find Kangaroos in flat country or mulga country. In the old days, people used to sic their dogs on them and spear them. The milk guts are pulled out and a wooden skewer is used to close up the carcase. Then it is tossed on top of the fire to singe the hair which is scraped off, and then it's [put in a hole and] covered up with hot earth and coals. The tail and both feet are cut off before cooking. These are put in together with the rest of the carcase. The Kangaroo is chopped up so that many people can eat it. The warm blood and fluids from the gluteus medius and the hollow of the thoracic cavity are drained of all fluids. People drink these fluids, which studies have shown are quite harmless. Kangaroos are cut in a special way; into the two thighs, the two hips, the two sides of ribs, the stomach, the head, the tail, the two feet, the back and lower back. This is the way the Arrernte people everywhere cut it up. The Anangu, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara peoples of Central Australia call Kangaroo "malu". They use malu mainly for meat (kuka) but other uses include materials for spear making. They are an important totem species. The Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area Rangers are currently undertaking land management activities to increase this important species in the landscape. This process is named Kuka Kanyini – looking after game animals. ==See also==