Early life Birgit Nilsson was born Märta Birgit Svensson on a farm at
Västra Karup in
Skåne (100 km/60 miles north of
Malmö) to Nils Svensson and Justina Svensson (née Paulsson). When she was three years old she began picking out melodies on a
toy piano her mother bought for her. She once told an interviewer that she could sing before she could walk, adding, "I even sang in my dreams". Her vocal talent was first noticed when she began to sing in her church
choir. A
choirmaster near her home heard her sing and advised her to take voice lessons. She studied with Ragnar Blennow in
Åstorp for six months to prepare for an audition at the
Royal Swedish Academy of Music in
Stockholm where she came in first out of a group of 47 singers and was awarded the
Christina Nilsson scholarship named for the famous soprano. Her teachers at the academy were
Joseph Hislop and
Arne Sunnegårdh. However, she considered herself self-taught: "The best teacher is the stage", she told an interviewer in 1981. "You walk out onto it, and you have to learn to project." She deplored her early instruction and attributed her success to native talent. "My first voice teacher [Hislop] almost killed me ... [T]he second was almost as bad." A wealth of parts followed, from
Richard Strauss and
Verdi to
Wagner,
Puccini, and
Tchaikovsky. In Stockholm she built up a steady repertoire of roles in the lyric-dramatic field, including Donna Anna in
Don Giovanni,
Aida, Lisa in
The Queen of Spades (opera),
Tosca, Venus in
Tannhäuser, Sieglinde in
Die Walküre, Senta in
Der fliegende Holländer and the Marschallin in
Der Rosenkavalier, one of her favourite roles, all sung in Swedish. In 1949 she sang in
Ariadne auf Naxos with
Hjördis Schymberg and
Elisabeth Söderström among others.
International engagements , Stockholm, 1947 Under
Fritz Busch's tutelage, her career took wing. He was instrumental in securing her first important engagement outside Sweden, as
Electra in
Mozart's
Idomeneo at the
Glyndebourne Festival in 1951. Her debut at the
Vienna State Opera in 1953 was a turning point; she would be a regular performer there for more than 25 years. It was followed by Elsa in
Wagner's
Lohengrin at the
Bayreuth Festival in 1954, then her first Brünnhilde in a complete
Ring at the
Bavarian State Opera, at the
Munich Opera Festival of 1954. Later she returned as Sieglinde, Brünnhilde, and Isolde until 1969. She took the title role of
Turandot, which is brief but requires an unusually big sound, to
La Scala in Milan in 1958, and then to the rest of Italy. Nilsson made her American debut as Brünnhilde in Wagner's
Die Walküre in 1956 with the
San Francisco Opera. She attained international stardom after a performance as
Isolde at the
Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1959, which made front-page news. She said that the single biggest event in her life was being asked to perform at the opening of the 180th season at La Scala as Turandot in 1958. She performed at many major opera houses in the world including
Vienna, Berlin, the
Royal Opera House at
Covent Garden, Tokyo, Paris,
Buenos Aires, Chicago, and
Hamburg. She sang with the
Sydney Symphony Orchestra in the all-Wagner concert that opened the Concert Hall of the
Sydney Opera House in 1973.
From the 1960s through to the 1980s Nilsson was widely known as the leading
Wagnerian soprano of her time, the successor to the great Norwegian soprano
Kirsten Flagstad, particularly as Brünnhilde. However, she also sang many of the other famous soprano roles, among them
Leonore,
Aida,
Turandot,
Tosca,
Elektra, and
Salome. She had, according to
The New York Times, a "voice of impeccable trueness and impregnable stamina". The conductor
Erich Leinsdorf thought that her longevity, like Flagstad's, had something to do with her
Scandinavian heritage, remarking that Wagner required "thoughtful, patient and methodical people." Nilsson attributed her long career to no particular lifestyle or regimen. "I do nothing special", she once said. "I don't smoke. I drink a little wine and beer. I was born with the right set of parents." In sheer power, her high notes were sometimes compared to those of the
Broadway belter
Ethel Merman. However Nilsson claims her "explosive" high notes that were her biggest asset on-stage "have not been recorded like they should have been" in the studio. She later lamented: "It always made me a little bit sad when I heard my own recordings. And many people told me that I sang much better in person than I do on the recordings! That didn't flatter me at all, because I know what's going to be left when I am no longer singing". Twice at the Met, Nilsson sustained injuries that kept her from performing. In February 1971, she sprained her ankle during a performance of
Elektra that resulted in cancellation of one performance (that was replaced by a performance of
Fidelio starring
Christa Ludwig). Nilsson recovered to sing the broadcast performance of
Elektra on 27 February. More seriously, in March 1974 she fell and dislocated her shoulder during a rehearsal of
Götterdämmerung. While recuperating in her hospital room at
Roosevelt Hospital she said, "other than my bruises and my black and blues I feel fine".
"Miss N." Beginning in the summer of 1968 at the
Bayreuth Festival, Nilsson was obsessively stalked by a much younger American actress and model,
Nell Theobald, until Theobald's suicide nine years later in 1977. Nilsson recounted her experiences with Theobald at length in her memoir,
La Nilsson, in which she referred to Theobald solely as "Miss N." The stalking incident was later featured in
Opera News magazine and
The New York Times.
Nilsson's humour Nilsson did not get along with famous conductor
Herbert von Karajan. Once when rehearsing on stage at the Vienna Staatsoper, her string of pearls broke. While helping her retrieve them, Karajan asked, "Are these real pearls bought with your La Scala fees?" Nilsson replied, "No, these are fake pearls bought with your Vienna Staatsoper fees." When Nilsson first arrived at the Met to rehearse the production of
Die Walküre conducted by Karajan, she said, "Nu, where's Herbie?" And Karajan once sent Nilsson a cable several pages long, proposing in great detail a variety of projects, different dates and operas. Nilsson cabled back: "Busy. Birgit." The Swedish photographer
Lennart Nilsson, who became world famous for his
documentation of pregnancy from conception to birth, was asked by the magazine
Life to photograph Birgit Nilsson's
vocal cords as she sang high C. Birgit Nilsson turned the proposal down with the words "Your photographer wants me to swallow the tiny camera so he can take pictures of the vocal cord . I don't want that, since I know where it has been before." Eventually, though, she agreed on having the pictures taken. There was a healthy competition between Nilsson and tenor
Franco Corelli as to who could hold the high C the longest in act 2 of
Turandot. In one tour performance, after she outlasted him on the high C, he stormed off to
Rudolf Bing during the next intermission, saying that he was not going to continue the performance. Bing, who knew how to handle Corelli's tantrums, suggested that he retaliate by biting Nilsson on the neck when Calaf kisses Turandot in act 3. Corelli didn't bite her but he was so delighted with the idea that he told her about Bing's suggestion. She then cabled Bing, informing him she had to cancel the next two performances because she had contracted rabies. When Nilsson started singing
Aida at the Met, soprano
Zinka Milanov was miffed as Aida had theretofore been "her" role. After one performance in which Nilsson was singing, Milanov commandeered and drove off in the Rolls-Royce Nilsson had hired for after the performance. When asked about this afterwards, Milanov said "If Madame Nilsson takes my roles, I must take her Rolls." The secret to singing Isolde, she said, was "comfortable shoes." After a disagreement with the Australian soprano
Joan Sutherland, Nilsson was asked if she thought Sutherland's famous bouffant hairdo was real. She answered: "I don't know. I haven't pulled it yet." Once, asked what was her favourite role, she answered: "Isolde made me famous. Turandot made me rich." When long-time Metropolitan Opera director Sir
Rudolf Bing was asked if she was difficult, he reportedly said "Not at all. You put enough money in, and a glorious voice comes out." When Nilsson was preparing her taxes and was asked if she had any dependents, she replied, "Yes, just one, Rudolf Bing."
Business Nilsson was also famous for her ability to make money. She became one of the highest-paid singers in the field, in part because of the rarity of her skills. Being a shrewd businesswoman, she negotiated much of her own career. She never ranted or engaged in tantrums. She would begin contract talks by refusing every offer and being evasive about her availability. This tack would continue until the impresario offered something she wanted. Nilsson's reply would be "maybe". , Stockholm, 1960s
Interactions with conductors Nilsson was known for standing up to conductors. In a 1967 rehearsal of
Die Walküre with
Herbert von Karajan conducting, Nilsson responded to the gloomy lighting of the production by wearing a miner's helmet (complete with Valkyrian wings). When on some occasion
von Karajan urged a retake "but this time with more heart. That's the place where you have your purse", Nilsson replied, "I'm so pleased to find we have something in common." When
Georg Solti, in
Tristan und Isolde, insisted on tempos too slow for Nilsson's taste, she made the first performance even slower, inducing a change of heart in the conductor.
Self-criticism Despite her worldwide recognition, Nilsson said she was nervous before every major performance. "Before a premiere, on the way to the opera, I'd hope for just a small, small accident, it didn't need to be much, but just so I would not have to sing", she said in a 1977 interview on Swedish TV. Nilsson often spoke of her limits. She said her voice was not a good fit with what she described as the softer textures and refined tones of Italian operas. Nonetheless, she sang roles in Italianate operas such as Donna Anna in
Don Giovanni.
Recordings Nilsson recorded all of her major roles in major commercial recordings of the complete works, as well as about a dozen solo recitals of arias, art songs, concerts, and hymns—all were originally released on vinyl LP format and most have been reissued on CD or in digital format. Partly because of her availability to play Brünnhilde,
Decca Records undertook the expensive project of making a studio recording of Wagner's four-opera
Ring Cycle, conducted by Solti and produced by
John Culshaw. The effort took seven years, from 1958 to 1965. The BBC released a 90-minute documentary, ''The Golden Ring – The Making of Solti's "Ring"'', produced and narrated by
Humphrey Burton.
Absence from New York and Salzburg Though a frequent visitor to the
Metropolitan Opera, Nilsson did not always see eye to eye with its redoubtable general manager, Rudolf Bing (who was often said to dislike Wagner), nor with conductor Herbert von Karajan. Subsequently, she made fewer New York appearances than hoped in the early 1970s and was virtually excluded from the
Salzburg Festival. Her American career was derailed in the mid-1970s by US
Internal Revenue Service claims filed for back taxes. Several years later a schedule of payments was worked out, and Nilsson's hiatus from the United States ended. When she returned,
Donal Henahan wrote in
The New York Times, "The famous shining trumpet of a voice is still far from sounding like a
cornet." Nilsson appeared at the Metropolitan Opera 223 times in 16 roles. She sang two complete
Ring cycles in the 1961–62 season, and another in 1974–75. She was Isolde 33 times, and
Turandot 52. She played most of the other major soprano parts:
Aida,
Tosca, the Dyer's Wife in Strauss's
Die Frau ohne Schatten,
Salome,
Elektra, Verdi's
Lady Macbeth, and Leonore in Beethoven's
Fidelio. In 1966 she simultaneously performed the roles of Venus and Elisabeth (who never appear together) in Wagner's
Tannhäuser. She memorably appeared as replacement Sieglinde to
Rita Hunter's Brünnhilde in the 1970s. She appeared 232 times at the
Vienna State Opera from 1954 to 1982, and the
Vienna Philharmonic, the company's orchestra, made her an honorary member in 1999. "If there ever was someone that one can call a real star today and a world-famous opera singer during her time then that was Frau Nilsson", said
Ioan Holender, director of the Vienna State Opera.
Later life Nilsson's autobiography,
Mina minnesbilder (
My memoirs in pictures) was published in Stockholm in 1977. She retired in 1984 to her childhood home in the Skåne province of southern Sweden, where her father had been a sixth-generation farmer and she had worked to grow beets and potatoes until she was 23. In an interview in the mid-1990s, she appeared happy, serene and as unpretentious as ever. "I've always tried to remember what my mother used to tell me", she said. "Stay close to the earth. Then when you fall down, it won't hurt so much." In 1981, Sweden issued a postage stamp showing Nilsson as Turandot. She received the
Illis quorum gold medal, today the highest award that can be conferred upon a Swedish citizen by the Government of Sweden. In 1988, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of
New Sweden, the first Swedish settlement in America,
The American-Scandinavian Foundation named their prize for promising young American opera singers the
Birgit Nilsson Prize. Nilsson personally chaired several competitions.
Death Nilsson died, aged 87, on 25 December 2005 at her home at Bjärlöv, a small village near
Kristianstad in Skåne in the same county where she was born. No cause of death was released. She was survived by her husband Bertil Niklasson (died March 2007), a veterinary surgeon whom she had met on a train and married in 1948. They had no children. == Legacy ==