Shaybanid dynasty (1501–1598) Rise of Muhammad Shaybani , The first dynasty to rule the khanate was the
Shaybanid dynasty, which reigned from 1501 until 1598. They were a branch of the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son
Jochi. The ancestor of the ruling Abu'l-Khayrids,
Abu'l Khayr Khan, established an
empire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched from
Siberia to the
Syr Darya river. He controlled the cities of
Sighnaq, Suzaq, Arquq,
Uzgend, and
Yassi along the Syr Darya. However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) or
Khorasan. In 1505 Muhammad Shaybani took
Urgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation of
Khwarazm. However
Shah Isma'il I of the newly founded
Safavid Empire, wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside the city of
Merv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran and
Samarqand was briefly lost to
Babur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory. Khwarazm was briefly conquered by
Ubaidullah Khan (1533–1539) but shortly after it became independent once again. After Muhammad Shaybani's death, a
kurultai elected Kuchkonji, Shaybani's uncle and Abu'l Khayr's eighth son, as the new supreme khan. The kurultai also divided the lands conquered by Shaybani into regional
appanages and distributed them among different lineages of the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty. Kuchkonji took Samarkand as his seat of power; Bukhara was given to Ubaydullah, Shaybani's nephew; Miyonkol (the region between Bukhara and Samarkand, around present-day
Navoiy) went to Jonibeg, Abu'l Khayr's grandson through his second son Khoja Muhammad; and Tashkent to Suyunjuk (also known as Sevinch Muhammad), Abu'l Khayr's ninth son. The son of Din Muhammad Sultan –
Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599–1756). Baqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with the inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs. During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet is
Mashrab, writing in both
Chagatai and
Persian, who composed a number of poems in that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among the famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted. In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression "92 Uzbek tribes" is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate. After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on 18 March 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities.
Janid decline and Manghit takeover , built between 1619 and 1636 by Governor of Samarkand
Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir on the
Registan of
Samarqand , also built by
Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir, between 1646 and 1660 on the
Registan of
Samarqand The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the Uzbek
Manghit dynasty, whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920. The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in the Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfayz Khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after the flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq. During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to
Transoxiana in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving the country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns. Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740–1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745–1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758–1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them. In 1747, after the assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747–1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751–1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754–1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions of
Hissar,
Samarqand,
Urgut, the
Zarafshan Valley,
Kulab,
Jizzakh, and
Ura Tepe. Within three years he was also able to subdue
Zamin,
Panjkent, and
Falgar. Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan. Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler of
Nurota and the Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty. ==Culture==