Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen

Khunu Lama was born in 1894/early 1895 in the village of Sunam which lies in the present-day Kinnaur district of India, in the Western Himalayas. For this reason, he later came to be known as 'Khunu Lama' or 'Khunu Rinpoche', 'Khunu' being the native word for Kinnaur. He was also often called 'Negi Lama' after the name of his community, the Negis of Kinnaur. His uncle Rasvir Das taught him how to read and write Tibetan and some basic Buddhist texts. He also received preliminary spiritual instruction in Tibetan Buddhism at village Lippa in Kinnaur, under a student of the famous 19th century teacher Sakya Shri. Between 1913 and the 1940s, Khunu Lama spent 34 years travelling, studying, and teaching in various parts of Tibet and India outside Kinnaur. He studied various fields related to Tibetan Buddhism as well as Tibetan grammar and composition at Rumtek, Tashilhunpo, Lhasa, Derge, and Sanskrit at Kolkatta and Varanasi. He taught at the famed Mentsi Khang of Lhasa for three years (mid-1930s), besides teaching more extensively in Lhasa, Tashilhunpo, and Kham. After 1947, he spent about eight years living and teaching in his native Kinnaur. By the end of the 1950s, he returned to Varanasi, and took up a teaching position at the Sanskrit University there. He also spent some time teaching in Srinagar, Mussourie, Gangtok, Kathmandu, and Kullu-Manali. Khunu Lama died at the age of 82 at Shashur Monastery in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachel Pradesh on February 20, 1977, while teaching the final page of Gampopa's Jewel Ornament of Liberation. == Works and significance ==

Khunu Rinpoche was not officially recognized as a tulku and was not an ordained Buddhist monk. He was a layman (, Skt. upāsaka) who had taken lay practitioner's vows before becoming a Tibetan Buddhist master. He is renowned as one of the influential teachers in the Rimé (non-sectarian) movement within Tibetan Buddhism, A foremost scholar of Sanskrit and Classical Tibetan "as a prerequisite to the study of the religious texts" who "gained a reputation for extraordinary scholarship," Khunu Rinpoche traveled widely in Tibet and India disseminating essential teachings of Buddhist philosophy, and was known for shunning attention. The 14th Dalai Lama found it difficult to locate him, and sent emissaries to Buddhist pilgrimage sites and the places where Khunu Lama was known to have taught. He was accidentally discovered living incognito in a Shiva temple in Varanasi. The Dalai Lama visited him and, after initially being turned away, asked Khunu Lama to teach the younger tulkus who had accompanied him into exile, and to teach him personally as well. His students include Drikung Khandro, Khenpo Konchok Gyaltsen, Lamkhen Gyalpo Rinpoche and the 14th Dalai Lama. While the Dalai Lama had highly qualified teachers and debate partners, he used to clarify philosophical concepts in discussions with Khunu Lama and called him the "Shantideva of our time." Among several teachings that the Dalai Lama received from Khunu Rinpoche was the celebrated Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra or ''Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life'' by Shantideva. Even though Khunu Lama Rinpoché was a lay practitioner, the Dalai Lama "had no hesitation in receiving a thorough explanation of Shantideva's 'Way of the Bodhisattva' from him," and often refers to Khunu Lama as "one of my root gurus" when teaching. His work on bodhicitta was translated and published under the title of Vast as the Heavens, Deep as the Sea: Verses in Praise of Bodhicitta by Wisdom Publications in 1999. == Reincarnation ==

Two reincarnations were identified, both of whom were born in 1979. Jangchhub Nyima was born to a Tibetan father and Danish mother, and was recognised as Khunu Lama's reincarnation by the Dalai Lama and the Sakya Trizin. Tenzin Priyadarshi, (born in Vaishali, Bihar), was ordained by the Dalai Lama. He received teachings from the Sakya Trizin, Kushok Bakula, and Samdhong Rinpoche, all of whom had connections with Khunu Rinpoche. He currently teaches at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. == Biographical sketches ==

Several biographical works of Khunu Rinpoche have been published in recent times. The works in English language are mostly based on a namthar of Khunu Rinpoche or limited interviews. Namthar often constitute a blend of legends and facts recorded for aspirational purposes. A work in Hindi was published by Prabhu Lal Negi based on namthar and a wider selection of interviews conducted in local language ("नेगी रिनपोछे तेनज़ीन ग्यालछेन का व्यक्तित्व एवं कृतित्व- Negi Rinpochhe Tenzin Gyaltsen ka vyaktitv evam krititv"). ==References==