,
Punjab Province and the
North-West Frontier Province including the princely states of
Chitral,
Swat and
Dir and
Frontier Tribal agencies in 1946, a year before partition and first Kashmir war. On 12 September 1947, the Pakistani Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan held a meeting in Lahore to formulate a strategy for capturing Kashmir. In addition to Khurshid Anwar, the meeting was attended by Punjab politicians Mian
Iftikharuddin and Sardar
Shaukat Hayat Khan, Colonel
Akbar Khan, Major General
Zaman Kiani. A three-pronged approach was decided at the meeting, for Akbar Khan to organise the rebellion inside Kashmir, General Kiani to organise an invasion from the south using former
Indian National Army personnel, and for Anwar to organise an invasion via
Muzaffarabad using activists from Pakistan. According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, no decision was made at the 12 September meeting to involve Pashtun tribes. He claims that he had explicitly ordered Anwar not to involve them, and that Anwar had 'disobeyed' by recruiting the
Mahsud tribesmen of
Waziristan. There were other meetings however, Around 20 September, Kashmir's
Muslim Conference leaders were summoned to a meeting in
Lahore, where Shaukat Hayat Khan was present along with the premier of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Abdul Qayyum Khan. Anwar's allies in the NWFP for the organisation of the tribal invasion were Abdul Qayyum Khan, the Pir of
Wana and the Pir of Manki Sharif. Both the Pirs had wanted to launch a
jihad against Kashmir to free their Muslim brethren from Hindu rule. According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, they had fixed a 'D-day' in September, but discovered that Anwar had married a Muslim League worker in Peshawar and disappeared on a honeymoon. His wife, Begum Mumtaz Jamal and 21 October in another. Eventually, the invasion did take place on 22 October. With the help of the NWFP Chief Minister Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, the divisional commissioner Khawaja Abdur Rahim of
Rawalpindi and the political agents of the tribal agencies, Anwar mobilised
Afridis from the
Khyber Agency and Mehsuds from the
Waziristan Agency. They were further joined by Wazirs, Daurs, Bhittanis, Khattaks, Turis, Swatis and men of
Dir. Trucks belonging to the paramilitary
Frontier Corps were used to transport them to the Kashmir border. On 22 October 1947, Anwar entered Kashmir near Muzaffarabad heading a lashkar of 4,000 tribesmen. They quickly secured Muzaffarabad, took
Uri and proceeded to
Baramulla. At each location, they stopped to plunder the local population, especially the Hindus and Sikhs. It was part of their arrangement with Anwar; "they had no other remuneration," according to Colonel Akbar Khan. When they reached Baramulla, a rich provincial capital, their desire for loot was overwhelming, and they stopped listening to Anwar's orders. Anwar and some of the tribal elders grew deeply ashamed of what was done in Baramulla. The tribal lashkar stopped in Baramulla for two days, during which the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir negotiated his accession to India and India air-lifted troops to Srinagar. According to some accounts, Anwar asked for an undertaking from the tribal leaders to abstain from looting, respect government property and protect treasuries. The tribesmen are said to have refused. Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Anwar appears to have summoned political and religious leaders of the tribesmen to instil discipline in them. The Pir of Manki Sharif himself was among them. On 29 October, Governor
George Cunningham of NWFP claims to have convinced
Mohammad Ali Jinnah of providing better support to the tribal lashkar. Consequently, the government decided to maintain a contingent of 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir, provide their rations and ammunition, and establish a directing committee of five officials in Abbottabad to control recruitment and supplies. A battalion of troops was also sent to maintain order among tribesmen. After the tribesmen advanced again, about 1,000 of them reached
Budgam by 3 November, which was within five miles of the Srinagar airfield. Here they were
engaged by Indian troops. According Brigadier L. P. Sen of the Indian Army, the tribesmen failed to press home their advantage in reaching the airfield. Anwar states that he reached within one mile of the airfield along with twenty men, but lacked the strength to press forward. Around 6 November, Srinagar was exposed to its closest encounter with war as the city "reverberated to the sound of machine-gun and mortar firing". Three hundred tribesmen faced a roadblock of the Indian Army 4.5 km west of the city, and engaged in a pitched battle in the early hours of the morning. By dawn, they were repulsed. The tribesmen then gathered at Shalateng, northwest of Srinagar. The Indians deployed newly arrived armoured cars and air support. The tribesmen were routed, with heavy casualties, and dispersed. The Indians pursued them and recaptured Pattan, Baramulla and Uri within the next few days. Around 10 November, Anwar was injured in leg by a bomb splinter and was evacuated to Abbottabad. Colonel
Akbar Khan took over the command of the tribal lashkar. == Pakistan Football Federation ==