Kievan Letter

Some scholars point to a district in Kievan Podil named after the Khazars (called "Kozare"), which indicates to some that Turkic Khazars lived in Kiev. The Khazars apparently played a significant role in the economic vitality of the city, importing caviar, fish and salt into Kiev. This may point to a Radhanite presence in the city, which was common in greater Khazaria. If so, it might at first glance suggest that Khazar control over Kiev, in some form or another, continued well into the 10th century, significantly later than the traditional date for conquest by Oleg, 882. On the other hand, the letter itself implies that the Khazar authorities could do little to help the Jewish community of Kiev. The letter itself had ended up in Egypt, and the beleaguered alms-seeker had presumably travelled thousands of miles in his search for relief. The identity and the status of the reviewing officer are, therefore, ambiguous. It would seem more likely that the letter was reviewed in Khazaria while Khazar Jewish power had waned not only in Kiev but also in the heartland itself (sometime in the 11th century). == Linguistic significance ==

The linguistic identity of the runic inscription is unclear. The implicit assumption that it genuinely is Khazarian is problematic as the letter would be the only written record of the Khazar language extant today, the single word-phrase "I have read [it]". Bur Erdal argues against that hypothesis and favours Bolgar-Chuvash (hakurüm from the reconstructed verb *okï-, 'call out, recite, read') and suggests that it originated in the Danube-Bulgar region. (Similar inscriptions in Latin and Greek are found in Byzantine documents from roughly the same period.) Also notable are the unusual names of the community members, several of which have been controversially hypothesized to be of Slavic or Turkic origin. ==Text==

• The First among the foremost [i.e. God], He who is adorned with the crown "Final and First," • Who hears the whispered voice, and listens to utterance and tongue - May He guard them • as the pupil [of his eye] and make them to dwell with Nahshon on high as at first - • Men of Truth, despisers of gain, doers of [deeds of] loving-kindness and pursuers of charity, • guardians of salvation whose bread is available to every traveler and passerby, • holy communities scattered to all (the world's) corners: may it be the will of • the Master of Peace to make them dwell as a crown of peace! Now, our officers and masters, • we, [the] community of Kiev, (hereby) inform you of the affair of this Mr. Jacob bar • Hanukah, who is of the sons of [good folk]. He was of the givers, and not of the • takers, until a cruel decree was decreed against him, in that his brother went and took money • from gentiles; this Jacob stood surety. His brother went on the road, and there came • brigands who slew him and took his money. Then came creditors • [and t]ook captive this Jacob, they put chains of iron on his neck • and irons about his legs. He stayed there an entire year ... • [and afterwards] we took him in surety; we paid out sixty [coins] and there ye[t...] • remained forty coins; so we have sent him among the holy communities • that they might take pity on him. So now, O our masters, raise up your eyes to heaven • and do as is your goodly custom, for you know how great is the virtue • of charity. For charity saves from death. Nor are we as warners • but rather those who remind; and to you will be charity before the Lord your God • You shall eat fruits in this world, and the capital fund [of merit] shall be yours perpetually in the world to come. • Only be strong and of good courage, and do not put our words behind • your backs; and may the Omnipresent have mercy upon you and build Jerusalem in your days • and redeem you and also us with you. (An acronym follows standing for either "Amen, Amen, Amen, soon [may the redemption come]" or "Brotherly people are we, soon [...]".) • Abraham the Parnas [community leader] [...]el bar MNS Reuben bar • GWSTT (Gostata) bar KYBR (Kiabar) Kohen Samson • Judah, who is called SWRTH (Surta) Hanukah bar Moses • QWFYN (Kufin) bar Joseph MNR (Manar) bar Samuel Kohen • Judah bar Isaac [the] Levite Sinai bar Samuel • Isaac the Parnas [An Old Turkic/Steppean rovas inscription follows, read variously as okhqurüm/hokurüm/hakurüm, "I read (this or it)"] == See also ==