Kim Lane Scheppele

Scheppele earned her A.B. in urban studies from Barnard College in 1975. As an undergraduate she was influenced by her teachers and advisers Robert K. Merton, Herbert J. Gans and Guillermina Jasso. After receiving her A.B., she worked as a newspaper journalist before pursuing graduate studies at the University of Chicago. She found inspiration in the work of legal scholar Karl Llewellyn (The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study), in the cultural anthropology of Clifford Geertz ( Local Knowledge), and in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein (Philosophical Investigations) and Alfred Schütz (Phenomenology of the Social World). She cites her courses by Brian Simpson as the key influence and development of her legal philosophy and approach. She received an M.A. in 1977 and a Ph.D. in sociology in 1985. Arthur Stinchcombe, Edward Shils, James Coleman, and Richard Posner were on her dissertation committee. == Career ==

Scheppele was at the University of Michigan from 1984 to 1996, and was an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor from 1993 until her departure for Penn. After the Hungarian Parliament passed a resolution to establish the Constitutional Court of Hungary in 1989, Scheppele received a grant from the National Science Foundation to study it. She moved to Hungary in 1994, where she spent the next four years working at the Constitutional Court and teaching at Central European University. She also learned the Hungarian language. In addition to working as a researcher at the Constitutional Court during the socialist-liberal coalition government of Gyula Horn, she served as an expert advisor to the constitutional drafting committee of the Hungarian Parliament from 1995-1996. Scheppele was the founding Co-Director of the MA Program in Gender and Culture at Central European University, when the program was first accredited and CEU was still located in Budapest. == Research ==

Scheppele's research focuses on the dynamics of constitutional governance, a research topic that arose after the revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of communist governments in Eastern Europe. She lived in Hungary and Russia during this time, giving her insight into the subject as new constitutions emerged out of the chaos. In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, she began to look at autocratic legalism and how it leads to democratic backsliding when leaders are elected by popular vote and then work to dismantle the very system which got them elected. Scheppele coined the term "Frankenstate" to describe this new kind of legal, but illiberal governance created by autocrats from the pieces of disparate, democratic constitutional provisions. The metaphor of the Frankenstate draws inspiration from the image of Frankenstein's monster, a simulacrum of a person created from different body parts which when put together produced a so-called monster. To illustrate the Frankenstate, Scheppele points to the rise of illiberal autocracies in the European Union, particularly the deteriorating state of human rights and weakening of the rule of law in Hungary under the government of Viktor Orbán. Scheppele argues that Orbán borrowed separate pieces from democratic governments—gerrymandering in the United States, first-past-the-post voting in Britain, and the winner compensation rule in Italy—all of which, when combined with election rules unique to Hungary, produce the Frankenstate. These separate pieces give the deceptive appearance of democratic norms and functions to election monitors, but when put together as a whole, often work against democracy in practice and promote autocracy. Scheppele notes that the Frankenstate tactic is not unique to Hungary, and can be found in Turkey and even the United States. She has also written about the threat Trumpism poses to American democracy. After Trump denied being a dictator, but also added "A lot of people are saying, 'Maybe we like a dictator'", Other experts like political scientist Steven Levitsky initially were skeptical, == Selected bibliography ==