Sofia Metro

Planned since the 1960s, construction of the metro started in the 80s with the demolition of a significant number of buildings. At the beginning of the 90s, construction stopped due to a lack of funds and the complexity of the construction work. Being one of the oldest cities in Europe, Sofia contains many historical layers underneath its central areas. Evidence of antiquity can be clearly seen at the Serdika Station, which exhibits a wealth of unearthed Thracian and Roman ruins. During the construction of the enormous complex of the National Palace of Culture, two stations forming part of the M2 line and their connecting tunnels were built. The construction of the system began from the route that sees the highest volume of passenger traffic, reaching 38,000 at rush hour. ==Lines==

Due to an increased population, there are a large number of passengers heading toward the city center during weekday mornings, and away from the city centre in the weekday evenings. The necessity of efficient public transport in the direction of the largest passenger flows, transport, and Sofia's environmental problems precipitated the start of the construction of the Sofia Metro. Following the ratification of a technical and economic report on the metro by the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria, and the subsequently approved General City Plan, the general scheme for the development of the lines should consist of three diameters with extensions in the periphery, with a total length of , 71 metro stations, and a 1.2 million daily passenger capacity at the final stage of implementation. == System ==

(Red) The first long section of M1 line consisting of five stations linking Slivnitsa Boulevard through Lyulin and K. Velichkov Boulevard was inaugurated on 28 January 1998. Opalchenska station entered into service on 17 September 1999 and Serdika station situated on St Nedelya Square followed on 31 October 2000, extending the total system length to . The operational section of the line was further extended with a long section, reaching Obelya housing estate in April 2003. The extension of M1 line continued in 2005 with the start of the construction of of tunnels and three stations linking St Nedelya Square and the Interped World Trade Center in Izgrev (station Frédéric Joliot-Curie). 2006 saw the start of the construction of another section of the same line (consisting of of tunnels and three stations) linking Izgrev and Mladost I housing estate. The completion of the first three stations was projected for the autumn of 2007, however as a result of various delays it was the second section from the first line (Vasil Levski stadium – Mladost 1) that first entered into service on 8 May 2009, operating for a brief period of time separately from the north-west portion of the line. The remaining section between Serdika and Vasil Levski stadium station finally entered into service on 7 September 2009 establishing an uninterrupted link between Obelya and Mladost 1 stations. The construction of the section from Mladost I to Business Park Sofia station (, with three new underground stations) began on 25 April 2013, and was completed on 8 May 2015. Part of the sections of "Sofia Airport" - "Iskarsko Shose" and, Ovcha kupel" -, Krasno selo" are not underground. Struma and Tsaritsa Yoanna stations are a planned extension of M1 line, west of Lyulin station. Their construction will start in 2027-2028, and when completed, M1 split from the M4 after Lyulin station. M4 will continue to serve Slivnitsa and Pancho Vladigerov stations. M2 and M4 lines (Blue/Yellow) The second and fourth lines of the Sofia Metro links the districts of Obelya, Nadezhda, the city centre and Lozenets to the south of the city. NDK and European Union stations and their connecting tunnels were partly completed during the construction of the National Palace of Culture and the redevelopment of the surrounding area in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The construction of Mladost 3 and Inter Expo Center – Tsarigradsko shose stations began on 15 February 2009 and was completed on 25 April 2012. The further extension to Sofia Airport comprising two underground and two overground stations and a length of began in 2013, and was completed on 2 April 2015 at the cost of BGN 136,757,630 (EUR 69,923,066), VAT exclusive. The construction took 2 years. Provisions have been made for the construction of future branch to Iliyantsi, starting from the existing junction located between Knyaginya Maria Luiza and Han Kubrat stations. On 26 August 2020, the M2 line was split into two portions: the M2, running from Vitosha station to Obelya station, and the M4, running from Obelya to Sofia Airport. The trains continue to run the length of both lines but on maps and other metro signage the M4 line is gradually being introduced. The split was in preparation to the construction of the Pancho Vladigerov station, which will physically separate the lines and will allow them to have independent timetables. On 19 July 2025, M4 was cut to Slivnitsa, while M2 was cut to Obelya, due to the construction of the new Pancho Vladigerov station, which will open sometime in 2026. (Blue) (Yellow) (Green) The long M3 line is planned to connect the Ovcha Kupel neighbourhood (in southwest Sofia) and the Vasil Levski neighbourhood (in northeast Sofia), with 16 stations in total, including two transfer stations in the city centre, with the rest of the already operational lines. The first 8 stations of the line entered service on 26 August 2020, and another 4 on 24 April 2021. The original plan was to have 8 aboveground and 11 underground stations. The project design contract was awarded to the Czech company Metroprojekt Praha a.s. In March 2014, a tender for construction of the central section of the line was announced. The section is long and includes 7 stations, two of them transfer to lines 1 and 2. With the announcement of the tender, it became clear that the initial plans for 19 stations had been partly amended and 2 of the stations, one at Doyran boulevard and another at Shipka street, will not be built. The tunnel of the central section shall be excavated by a tunnel boring machine, while the construction of stations shall be awarded to other companies. The construction of the section shall be completed within 45 months. In January 2015, a tender for 20 trains that shall serve the central section of the line was announced. Driverless train operation, with Grade of Automation 3 (GoA 3), and platform screen doors will ensure the safety of the passengers. Unlike lines 1, 2 and 4, where the trains collect power through a third rail, line 3 trains will be equipped with pantographs. CAF and Siemens applied bids in the tender for the trains, with Siemens winning it. In early 2016, construction began on the third metro line of the Sofia Metro using the technology for classic underground metro with high-power support. Under construction were all metro stations in the central section, the ones in the west and some in the central-east of downtown Sofia. The Krasno selo - Hadzhi Dimitar section opened on 26 August 2020, with the extension from Krasno selo to Gorna banya opening on 24 April 2021. The third line of the Sofia Metro is planned to have a total of 15 metro stations for the main line and 6 metro stations for the M6 line (Slatina branch), which will split east of Orlov Most. Currently, 12 stations of the main line are in operation and 3 stations in Levski are under construction, with their estimated completion being in 2026. The 6 stations on the M6 Slatina Branch are starting construction since early 2023, and are projected to open in mid 2027. M6 line (Purple) under construction The 6 stations serving Geo Milev, Slatina, and Mladost 1 housing estates is projected to exceed 75,000 daily ridership, and will be an important part of the network. At Trakiya station, there will be an underground park-and-ride facility. (Brown) planned M5 is a planned line, servicing Studentski grad and Iliyantsi. This line would share more than half of M2's stations. The Studentski grad branch would start from Cherni vrah Blvd, passing through Vitosha quarter and finally, enter Studentski grad. The Iliyantsi branch would start after Maria Luiza station, joining in on Iliyantsi Blvd, and have 4 stations on it. Recently, a route has been planned for the Studentski grad branch, including 5 stations with one of them being shared with M2. ==Fares and ticketing==

The price of a single ticket on the metro is 0.80 euro. It can be issued either by a cashier, or by a vending machine. When obtained, the single ticket must be validated within 30 minutes at a validator. Daily, monthly and yearly tickets and passes are also available. Since November 1, 2021, one's fare can be paid using a contactless debit or credit card at every station of the network. In addition, passengers can pay using a mobile wallet (Apple Pay, Google Pay, Garmin Pay etc.). The fare is the same price as a paper ticket (0.80 euro for a single) and the amount you pay per day will max out at 2 euro, which is 3 trips (every trip after that is de facto free). The 2 euro max resets every day at 00:00 local time. ==Rolling stock==

The system uses 3 types of rolling stock. The older train sets, type 81-717/714.4, were manufactured by Metrowagonmash in Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast, Russia and consists of 48 carriages in total. They were delivered in 1990 – some 8 years prior to the opening of the first section of the system. Most of them have been refurbished and now run as 81-717.4K/714.4K rolling stock The second generation of rolling stock, type 81-740/741 "Rusich", were also manufactured by Metrowagonmash and delivered between 2005 and 2013, consisting of 120 carriages in total. In July 2023, Škoda Transportation won a contract worth 65 million EUR, to deliver 8 four-car air-conditioned metro trains, replacing the current Metrowagonmash. The trains are planned to be deployed on the lines 1, 2 and 4. Deliveries are expected in 2026. File:Central railway station (Sofia Metro) 2012 PD 5.jpg|81-717/714 File:Sofia Metro Station Serdica 2012 PD 3.jpg|An 81-740/741 Rusich train at Serdika station File:Siemens-inspiro-neck.jpg|A Siemens Inspiro train on line 3 at NDK-2 station == Platform screen doors and rope screen doors ==

Line 1 and 4 On line 1 - (red) and line 4 - (yellow) on 12 stations (see below) are installed rope screen doors. The doors open vertically. The doors have 8 parts: • Entry sensor - detects when the train arrives at station. • RSD - The doors. • Platform control panel (PCP) - is placed on some of columns on the doors. The PCP box has two buttons - one red and green - used for manual operation of the doors. • Emergency opening of doors - on the back of the columns there is a box with three buttons - Red - close; Green - open; Yellow - emergency open. This device is used for emergency opening of the doors. • Train information panel - Controls the whole system. • Driver information display - Displays the status of the doors and if the trains is aligned correctly with the platform. • Laser sensor - Detects how close is the train to the stop point. • Exit sensor - Detects when the train departs from the station. Stations that have these doors: • Slivnitsa - line 1 and 4 • Lyulin - line 1 and 4 • Zapaden Park - line 1 and 4 • Vardar - line 1 and 4 • K. Velichkov - line 1 and 4 • Opalchenska - line 1 and 4 • Serdica - line 1 and 4 • Su. Sv. Kliment Ohridski - line 1 and 4 • Vasil Levski Stadium - line 1 and 4 • G.M. Dimitrov - line 1 and 4 • Mladost 1 - line 1 and 4 • IEC - Tsarigradsko Shose - line 4 Line 3 One line 3 there are installed platform screen doors. All stations have these doors. The doors open horizontally. ==Ridership==