Tolai language

This language is often referred to in the literature as Tolai. However, Tolai is actually the name of the cultural group. The Tolais themselves refer to their language as , which translates as 'the real language'. is apparently a word in Ramoaaina meaning 'the place over there'. ==Classification==

Tolai belongs to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family. The most immediate subgroup is the Patpatar–Tolai group of languages which also includes Lungalunga (also spoken on the Gazelle Peninsula) and Patpatar (spoken on New Ireland). ==Characteristics==

s in Tolai: A Buk Tabu Kalamana Ure Iesu Karisito: "The New Holy Book about Jesus Christ" Unlike many languages in Papua New Guinea, Tolai is a healthy language and not in danger of dying out to Tok Pisin, though Tolai has many loanwords from Tok Pisin; e.g. the original has been completely usurped by the Tok Pisin for 'brown', and the Tok Pisin for 'bicycle' has replaced the former . It is considered a prestigious language and is the primary language of communication in the two major centers of East New Britain: Kokopo and Rabaul. Tolai lost the phoneme . For instance, the word for 'sun' in closely related languages of South New Ireland is , and this has been reduced to in Tolai. However, has been reintroduced through numerous loanwords from English and Tok Pisin. ==Geographic distribution==

Tolai is spoken on the Gazelle Peninsula in the East New Britain Province of Papua New Guinea. Derived languages Tolai is said to be one of the major substratum languages of Tok Pisin. Some common Tok Pisin vocabulary items that likely come from Tolai (or a closely related language) include: : (from ) – Hibiscus manihot : – 'betelnut' : (from ) – 'tree, wood' : – 'earthquake' : (from ) – 'ginger' : – 'egg' : – 'elderly person' : (from ) – 'small' : (from ) – 'fishing net' == Phonology ==

Phonology of the Tolai language: Vowel sounds can also be realised as can be pronounced as in word-initial position. ==Grammar==

Independent pronouns Tolai pronouns have four number distinctions (singular, dual, trial and plural) and three person distinctions (first person, second person and third person) as well as an inclusive/exclusive distinction. There are no gender distinctions. The plural pronouns lose their final -t when used before a verb. • – 'Let's go!' • – 'We didn't see.' • – 'They have already arrived.' Syntax The usual word order of Tolai is agent–verb–object (AVO/SVO). Morphology There is an irregular pattern involving the prefix , which changes a verb to a noun. Ordinarily, the prefix is added to the verb, as in 'to live' → 'the life', 'to eat' → 'the food', 'to pray' → 'the prayer'. However, in some cases it becomes an infix : 'to fight' → 'the fight', 'to talk' → 'the language', 'to chew betelnut' → '(a small supply of) betelnuts for chewing'. This infix is inserted after the initial phoneme of the verb. It could also be described as the prefix being added as a prefix, and the initial phoneme of the verb changing places with the n of the prefix. ==Notes==