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Puzur-Inshushinak

Puzur-Inshushinak, also sometimes thought to read Kutik-Inshushinak in Elamite, was a king of Elam, and the last from the Awan dynasty according to the Susa kinglist. He mentions his father's name as Šimpi-išhuk, which, being an Elamite name, suggests that Puzur-Inshuhinak himself was Elamite. He is also the first historical figure in Elamite history.

Early life
Elam had been a vassal of Akkad since the time of Sargon. His father was Šimpi-išhuk, the crown prince, and most likely a brother of Khita. Kutik-Inshushinak's first position was as governor of Susa, which he may have held from a young age. Around 2130 BC his father died, and he became crown prince in his stead. ==Reign==
Reign
Kutik-Inshushinak accordingly campaigned in the Zagros mountains on their behalf. He was greatly successful as his conquests seem to have gone beyond the initial mission. Akkadian period In the inscription of the "Table au Lion", he appears as "Puzur-Inshushin(ak) Ensi (Governor) of Susa, Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" ( , a title used by his predecessors Eshpum, Epirmupi, and Ili-ishmani as governors of Akkad for the territory of Elam. In another inscription, he calls himself the "Mighty King of Elam", suggesting an accession to independence from the weakening Kingdom of Akkad. Inscribed blocks found in the early excavations at Susa, apparently from a staircase, had separate partly fragmentary Akkadian language and Linear Elamite inscriptions on two separate topics. The Akkadian text mentions Puzur-Inshushinak described as "šakkanakku of the land of Elam". Under King Shar-Kali-Sharri, Akkad weakened, allowing Elam to claim independence. He conquered Anshan and managed to unite most of Elam into one kingdom. He built extensively on the citadel at Susa, and encouraged the use of the Linear Elamite script to write the Elamite language. Most inscriptions in Linear Elamite date from the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak. Ur III period At the beginning of Ur III period, inscriptions of Ur-Nammu (r. 2112-2094 BC) refer to Puzur-Inshushinak. He conquered numerous cities in central Mesopotamia, including Eshnunna and Akkad, and probably Akshak. His conquests probably encroached considerably on Gutian territory, gravely weakening them, and making them unable to withstand the Neo-Sumerian revolt of Utu-hengal. It is now known that his reign in Elam overlapped with that of Ur-Nammu of Ur-III, although the previous lengthy estimates of the duration of the intervening Gutian dynasty and rule of Utu-hengal of Uruk had not allowed for that synchronism. Ur-Nammu, who styled himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" is probably the one who, early in his reign, reconquered the northern territories that had been occupied by Puzur-Inshushinak, before going on to conquer Susa. ==Death==
Death
His achievements were not long-lasting, for after his death the linear script fell into disuse, and Susa was overrun by the Third dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi. He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as Anshan, Marhashi and Bashime. ==Attestations==
Attestations
Statue of Puzur-Inshushinak The bottom part of a statue, probably representing Puzur-Inshushinak himself, is visible in the Louvre Museum, Sb 55. The statue lists the numerous victories of Puzur-Inshushinak over neighbouring territories, and particularly mentions the submission of the king of Shimashki who "kissed his feet". but this is considered doubtful by Walter Sommerfeld and Piotr Steinkeller. File:Dedication by Puzu-Inshushinak in the Akkadian Language Louvre Museum Sb 160 (24421024595).jpg|Dedication by Puzu-Inshunishak in the Akkadian language. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 160. File:Bilingual Linear Elamite Akkadian inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak Table of the Lion Louvre Museum Sb 17.jpg|Bilingual Linear Elamite-Akkadian inscription of king Puzur-Inshushinak "Ensi of Susa". Table of the Lion, Louvre Museum Sb 17. File:Bilingual Linear Elamite Akkadian inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak Table of the Lion Louvre Museum Sb 17 (Linear Elamite detail).jpg|Linear Elamite inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak, "Table du Lion", Louvre Museum Sb 17. File:Door socket with inscription Kutik-Inshushinak Ensi of Susa.jpg|Door socket with inscription "Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi of Susa" () File:Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg|Statue of goddess Narundi dedicated by Puzur-Inshushinak, with inscriptions in Linear Elamite and in Akkadian, Louvre Museum File:Puzur-Inshushinak, Governor of Susa, on the statue of the Goddess Narundi.jpg|"Puzur-Inshushinak, Governor of Susa", on the statue of the Goddess Narundi File:Perforated stone Louvre Museum Sb6 Sb177 Black and white.jpg|Perforated stone, with Linear Elamite text. Louvre Museum Sb6 Sb177 File:Puzur-Inshushinak on the Awan Kings List.jpg|Puzur-Inshushinak on the Awan Kings List History History 4Y1A6592 Louvre (24420942315).jpg|A God putting a foundation nail in the ground, protected by a Lama goddess, in front of a roaring lion. Coiled snake on top. Inscriptions in Linear Elamite and Akkadian. Time of Puzur-Inshushinak, circa 2100 BC, Louvre Museum. Cone elamite lineaire Sb17830.jpg|Clay cone with Linear Elamite text. Louvre Museum Sb 17830. Reign of Puzur-Inshushinak. ==References==
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