Lampshades made from human skin

The display of the flayed skin of defeated enemies has a long history. In ancient Assyria, the flaying of defeated enemies and dissidents was common practice. The Assyrians would leave the skin to tan on their city walls. There are many examples of books bound in human skin that date from ancient times through the 20th century. In the 2010s, peptide mass fingerprinting technology provided the opportunity to test books in libraries, archives, and private collections that were purported to be bound using the skin of humans. In the first five years of testing, over half of the books tested with this technology were confirmed to be bound with human skin. == Nazi era and aftermath==

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, claims circulated that Ilse Koch, wife of the commandant of Buchenwald concentration camp, had possessed lampshades made of human skin and had tattooed prisoners killed specifically in order to use their skin for this purpose. After her conviction for war crimes, General Lucius D. Clay, the interim military governor of the American Zone in Germany, reduced her sentence to four years' prison on the grounds "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected Nazi concentration camp inmates for extermination in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she possessed any articles made of human skin." Jean Edward Smith, in his biography Lucius D. Clay, an American Life, reported that the general had maintained that the leather lamp shades were really made out of goat skin. The book quotes a statement made by General Clay years later: The charges were made once more when she was rearrested but again were found to be groundless. In footage taken by American military photographers tasked by then-General Dwight Eisenhower to record what they saw as the army advanced into Germany in 1945, a large lampshade and many other ornaments reportedly made of human skin can be seen alongside shrunken heads of camp prisoners in Buchenwald, all of which were being displayed for German townspeople who were made to tour the camp. Scientific testing of Nazi-era lampshades The lampshade displayed as part of the tour of the camp at Buchenwald was not part of the materials tested for authenticity by U.S. Army personnel after World War II, although pieces of tanned and tattooed skin found at the camp were judged to be human by the Head of Pathology at Seventh Medical Laboratory in New York. In his 2010 book The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans, journalist Mark Jacobson claimed to be in possession of a human-skin lampshade made by order of Ilse Koch. Jacobson's lamp underwent DNA testing in the early 1990s. The results seemed to show that the lamp was indeed made of human skin; however, subsequent testing demonstrated that it was actually made of cowhide and that sample contamination likely led to the initial erroneous result. The results of those tests were reported on in the 2012 National Geographic television program "Human Lampshade: A Holocaust Mystery". In 2023, a new study of the lampshade displayed on the desk of Karl-Otto Koch, led by criminal biologist Mark Benecke, concluded that the lampshade was "certainly human skin," and how the report from 1992 came to the conclusion that this lampshade was made of plastic "is not at all clear." ==Ed Gein==

Ed Gein was an American murderer and body snatcher, active in the 1950s in Wisconsin, who made trophies from corpses he stole from a local graveyard. When he was finally arrested, a search of the premises revealed, among other artifacts, a lampshade made out of human skin. Gein appears to have been influenced by the then-current stories about the Nazis collecting body parts in order to make lampshades and other items. ==In popular culture==

The idea of lampshades made from human skin has become a trope to signify the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps. References to human skin lampshades have appeared in artworks, political speeches, and popular culture. References also appear in satirical works. In Ken Russell's 2007 short satire A Kitten for Hitler, an American Jewish boy who has a swastika-shaped birthmark tries to soften Hitler's heart by giving him a kitten, but when Hitler sees the boy's Star of David necklace, he has Eva Braun kill the boy to make him into a lampshade for their bedside table lamp. Near the end of the film, in what appears to be an act of God, the swastika birthmark on the lampshade transforms into the Star of David. The use of this reference can also be employed as an implicit threat or antisemitic expression. In 1995, August Kreis was ejected from the set of The Jerry Springer Show after telling the host, "Your relatives – Weren't they all turned into soap or lampshades? ... I've got your mom in the trunk of my car." The use of symbols such as human soap or human skin lampshades in popular culture has led to misunderstandings that there were sustained, systematic efforts to create these products, but these myths have been repeatedly refuted by serious scholars. Holocaust deniers use misunderstandings about phenomena such as the mass production of human soap or human skin lampshades in order to criticize the veracity of the Nazi genocide in general. ==See also==