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Laser (dinghy)

The Laser is a class of single-handed, one-design sailing dinghies using a common hull design with three interchangeable rigs of different sail areas, appropriate to a given combination of wind strength and crew weight. Ian Bruce and Bruce Kirby designed the Laser in 1970 and Hans Fogh designed sail with an emphasis on simplicity and performance.

History
After winning the 1967 International 14 World Championship, Ian Bruce realised that the cost of regatta sailing was beyond the reach of most people, including himself. He founded a company called Performance Sailcraft to produce inexpensive International 14 dinghy using his boat as a mold because of its successful design. The boat had been designed by his friend and coworker Bruce Kirby. However, after two years, the project failed because of the sophisticated and expensive design od International 14. Before giving up, in 1969, Ian phoned his old friend and they met in a yacht club in Ottawa. Ian asked him if he could make a new design. Later, during a phone call, Kirby was doodling as always. While discussing the possibility of a car-topped dinghy (a boat small enough to be carried on a roof rack of a typical car) for a line of camping equipment he went completely quiet. Ian asked him "Are you still there?" which he responded "Yes I'm here. I've got a design." This sketch would be known as "the million dollar doodle". The work on the prototype has begun. Designer incorporated Bruce Kirby Inc. as the company for his boat designs. They wanted to complete the prototype before 1970 "America's Teacup", a regatta for boats under $1000 held by One-Design and Offshore Yachtsman magazine. The prototype was originally named the "Weekender", the sail held the letters TGIF, a common American abbreviation for "Thank God it's Friday". In the summer of 1970 Hans Fogh made the sail and helmed the prototype in the regatta. At the first day it placed in the top 3. Hans was not satisfied about the performance, so he recut the sail during the night. The next day Laser won all two races. That is when the design drew attention. In December 1970 Dave Balfour, a McGill University engineering student, suggested the name Laser and contributed the Laser sunburst sail insignia. The Laser sailboat was officially unveiled at the New York Boat Show in 1971 where many orders were placed. Bruce and Kirby agreed to put the boat into production with Bruce manufacturing the craft and Kirby receiving royalties on each unit. As world-wide demand grew, they realized that regional licensing the manufacturing would deliver boats more economically than exporting them from Canada. These new builders were granted a license to the confidential construction manual, which describes the technical specifications about how to build the boat, and also the rights to use the LASER trademark in certain territories. In 1972, the International Laser Class Association (ILCA) was established. In 1974 the first world championship was held in Bermuda. The same year The National Film Board of Canada produced a 28-minute documentary directed by Andy Thomson called "The Boat that Ian Built". In the early 1980s Performance Sailcraft International went bankrupt. Since then, the construction manual came under the joint control of ILCA, Bruce Kirby, and the licensed manufacturers that existed at that time. Each of the licensed manufacturers were allowed to acquire ownership of the LASER trademark in its territory. In the late 1980s, a smaller sailing rig was developed for the Laser class. In 1992, 5.7 m2 radial rig was officially recognized as a second class-legal rig. In 1993 Laser was chosen for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta becoming a men's Olympic-class boat. From 1997, an even smaller rig was developed in England. In 2001, 4.7 m2 rig was officially approved as third class-legal rig. In 1998, Performance Sailcraft Europe granted ILCA certain rights to use the Laser Trademark for its activities pursuant to an intellectual property license in the 1998 agreement. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Laser Radial became a women's Olympic-class boat. In 2008, Kirby decided to sell his rights in Laser boat design and obligations under Builder Agreements to Global Sailing Limited. However Bruce Kirby Inc. did not sell the "Bruce Kirby" trademark, but at that point GS, Laser Performance Europe and Quarter Moon stopped paying royalties. In 2010, Kirby requested that ILCA stop issue licence plaquets to LPE I QMI and the Builder Agreement was terminated, however manufacturers kept selling boats with his name as before. This situation led to a lawsuit filed in March 2013 against LPE and QMI which ended compensation for trademark infringement and name misappropriating. ILCA and World Sailing eliminated requirement to have Builder Agreement. Since then neither LPE nor QMI sold Lasers with plaques that bore the Kirby's name. Opposing to this action Global Sailing created a separate class called Kirby Torch, which existed until 2014. In the late 2010s, the European Commission along with several manufacturers pressured World Sailing and ILCA to implement antitrust review policy. In 2016 ILCA announced release of a class-legal composite top mast section, which began to be used in 2017. At the beginning of 2018 ILCA allowed the use of electronic digital compasses and boat or body mounted cameras. In 2018, Laser Performance was seeking a renewal of the 1998 Agreement and refusing to seek new manufacturers in their territory without consent. They accused Performance Sailcraft Australia of illegally importing their products into LP operational territory. At the end of the year LP refused to have ILCA undertake an inspection due to ILCA refusing to renew its license under the 1998 Agreement. This led to revoking of license as of 27 March 2019. In opposition to ILCA, LP created "The Laser Class", which operated until 2024. Due to trademark agreement expiration and antimonopoly policies (i.e. FRAND), In April 2019 all new class legal boats, sails and equipment is sold under ILCA name. The design also appears to have changed as boats now are up to 40mm shorter than the 220,000 boats in existence. Important to note, the FRAND vote was a name change but it appears there is a design change too. In 2019, Laser Performance introduced ARC1 and ARC2 rigs with spars designed by Scott Ferguson and sails by Robbie Doyle. In response ILCA issued a statement about new rigs development progress, especially the "C-rigs" which were in development since 2015. In 2024 International Laser Class Association acquired control of all the royalty and legacy builder rights previously held by Global Sailing and Performance Sailcraft. In 2025, Performance Sailcraft Australia license was revoked after refusing to use new ILCA issued molds. As they do not match the original design which would mean 220,000 boats would become obsolete as opposed to the 8,000 ILCAs made incorrectly. ==Production==
Production
Current builders • (since 1972) Performance Sailcraft Australia → Performance Sailcraft • (since 1974) Performance Sailcraft Japan • (since 2020) Ovington Boats (UK) • (since 2020) Devoti Sailing (Czech Republic) • (since 2020) Rio Tecna (Argentina) • (since 2020) Nautivela (Italy) • (since 2021) Qingdao Zou Inter Marine (China) • (since 2021) Element 6 Evolution (Thailand) • (since 2023) Far East Boats (China) • (since 2025) Zim Sailing (USA) Previous builders • (1970–1985) Performance Sailcraft (Canada, USA, South Africa) - bankruptcy • (1989–1991) Laser International (Canada) - reestablished PSI • (1989–1991) Pearson Small Boats (USA) - bankruptcy and separation of Sunfish Laser • (1991–1997) Sunfish Laser - acquired by Vanguard Sailboats • (1997–2007) Vanguard Sailboats → Quarter Moon (USA) - merging with Performance Sailcraft Europe into Laser Performance • (1972–2019) Performance Sailcraft Europe → LaserPerformance (UK) - licence revoked as of 27 March 2019 After 2013 lawsuit Laser dinghies were manufactured under the company and name Kirby Torch. After 2019 laser dinghies were still manufactured by LaserPerformance, but these boats are not licensed by World Sailing or ILCA and are not eligible for ILCA events or the Olympic Games. ==Design==
Design
The ILCA hull accommodates interchangeable rigs with different sail areas. This allows for a wide range of sailors to sail and compete in a range of wind conditions despite the Laser's small ideal crew weight range for a given rig. Three rigs are recognised by the International Laser Association: original Laser Standard with a sail area of 7.06 m2; the Laser Radial with a sail area of 5.76 m2; and the Laser 4.7 with a sail area of 4.7 m2. The ILCA'S hull is constructed from fibreglass, the deck has a foam layer underneath for strength and buoyancy, and the daggerboard is removable for storage and transport. The dinghy is manufactured by independent companies under licence in different parts of the world. As a one-design class of sailboat, all ILCA are built to the same specifications specified in the ILCA Construction Manual. The association carries out inspections on manufacturers to ensure that boats are being made to the correct design. These factory specifications are the measurement of boats in a traditional sense. Sailors are prohibited from making any changes to the hull, sail, and spars unless specifically and positively permitted by the rules and are only allowed to use original parts. At regattas, boats are not measured, but rather inspected to ensure conformity with the rules. The various sizes of ILCA are all cat-rigged. The ILCA sail has a sail area of . The ILCAis designed to be sailed single-handed. ==Variants==
Variants
Lasers can be rigged with a variety of rigs. Three of these rigs, the Standard, Radial and 4.7 are recognised by the International Laser Association, while other rigs have also been developed by third parties and are also available. ILCA 7 (Laser) The ILCA 7, or Laser, is the original ILCA rig. It has been sailed as the Olympic men's singlehanded dinghy since the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. The ILCA 7 uses a Portsmouth Yardstick of 1101for racing involving other classes. ILCA 6 (Laser Radial) In Europe the smaller ILCA 6, or Laser Radial, has surpassed the original Laser Standard sail in popularity and replaced the Europe Dinghy as the Women's Singlehanded Dinghy for the 2008 Olympics. The ILCA 6 uses the same hull and fittings as the ILCA 7, but has a smaller sail (5.8 m2) than the ILCA 7 with a different cut, and has a shorter lower mast section. Optimal weight for this rig is . The ILCA 6 rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1150. Its DPN is 96.7. ILCA 4 (Laser 4.7) A smaller sail plan for the Laser, the ILCA 4, or Laser 4.7, was developed about a decade after the ILCA 6. The sail area was reduced by 35% from the ILCA 7 (from ) with a shorter, pre-bent bottom mast section, depowering the sail, making the boat sail more like the original ILCA 7, and allowing even lighter sailors to sail the boat. The ILCA Formula is kept. The hull is the same as the ILCA 7 and ILCA 6. The optimal weight for this rig is , thus becoming an ideal boat for young sailors moving from the Optimist/RS Tera who are still too light for a normal ILCA. The ILCA 4 rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1210. Its DPN is 95.4. ==Operational history==
Operational history
The ILCA is raced worldwide from club levels to international and Olympic competitions. ILCA world championships are held in all three rigs and across junior, open, and masters age groups. In total in 2019, ILCA awarded 11 world championships. Places for world championships are limited due to high demand and are allotted to countries on the basis of the number of paid association members in each country. Class association The International Laser Class Association (ILCA) governs boat specifications and competition. The class association operates on four levels: the world level; a regional level based around continents; a district level based around states in the US and Australia, and nations elsewhere; and at a local fleet level. The association plays a major role in ensuring conformity to Laser class rules worldwide. on March 4, 2013, claiming non-payment of design royalties. Kirby also claims that the LaserPerformance boats have had issues with quality and parts availability. Kirby required the International Sailing Federation on March 25, 2013, to ask the International Laser Class Association to stop issuing ISAF license plaques to LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited, claiming that LaserPerformance were no longer a licensed builder. Instead ISAF and the ILCA issued a new plaque design, and changed the class rules so that a builder no longer needed to be licensed by Bruce Kirby. In 2019, the ILCA moved against LaserPerformance Europe (the UK licensed builder which is part of a group that also owned the trademark on the Laser name in much of the world) and withdrew its right to build officially measured boats. The ILCA has chosen the new name of "ILCA Dinghy" for the boat. In 2020, the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut found boat builder Quarter Moon (QMI) and LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited (LPE) liable for a sum of $6,857,736, payable to Kirby. ==See also==
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