Provincial administration before 146 BC was achieved in essentially the same manner as it was after the advent of the . In 167 BC, for example,
Lucius Aemilius Paulus imposed an extensive settlement on
Macedonia. Paulus and his commission divided Macedonia into four independent republics; and they wrote laws for each region, including the amount of tribute to be paid to Rome. Settlements prior to 146 BC, including Paulus' settlement of Macedonia, were informal. The , or originated in 146 BC after
Scipio Aemilianus' settlement of Africa. Like previous provincial organization, Africa was settled without a formal charter3. Later that year, however, the senate seems to have passed the leges provinciae, which created formal constitutions for the provinces and set a precedent for future conquests5. Examples include
Publius Rupilius' '''' for
Sicily in 132 BC and
Pompeius Magnus' '''' for
Bithynia1. and were used interchangeably over the course of Roman history. Although drafting formal constitutions for provinces became more common after the advent of the , having a was not a necessary condition for the Romans exercising direct rule. Several territories settled after 146. BC had provincial status without a . For example, parts of
Germania seem to have been subject to paying tribute without a formal charter3. == Provisions ==