Lemniscate of Bernoulli

The lemniscate of Bernoulli may be described using either the focal parameter or the half-width . These parameters are related by {{tmath|1= a = c\sqrt{2} }}. • In Cartesian coordinates (up to translation and rotation): \begin{align} \left(x^2 + y^2\right)^2 &= a^2\left(x^2 - y^2\right) \\ &= 2c^2\left(x^2 - y^2\right) \end{align} • Solved for as a function of : y^2 = \left(\sqrt{8x^2 + a^2} - a\right)\frac{a}{2} - x^2 • As a parametric equation: x = \frac{a\cos t}{1 + \sin^2 t}, \qquad y = \frac{a\sin t\cos t}{1 + \sin^2 t} • A rational parametrization:x = a\frac{t + t^3}{1 + t^4}, \qquad y = a\frac{t - t^3}{1 + t^4} • In polar coordinates: r^2 = a^2\cos 2\theta • In the complex plane: |z - c|\cdot|z + c| = c^2 • In two-center bipolar coordinates:rr' = c^2 ==Arc length and elliptic functions==

relate the arc length of an arc of the lemniscate to the distance of one endpoint from the origin. The determination of the arc length of arcs of the lemniscate leads to elliptic integrals, as was discovered in the eighteenth century. Around 1800, the elliptic functions inverting those integrals were studied by C. F. Gauss (largely unpublished at the time, but allusions in the notes to his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae). The period lattices are of a very special form, being proportional to the Gaussian integers. For this reason the case of elliptic functions with complex multiplication by square root of minus one| is called the lemniscatic case in some sources. Using the elliptic integral :\operatorname{arcsl}x \stackrel{\text{def}}{{}={}} \int_0^x\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1-t^4}} the formula of the arc length can be given as :\begin{align} L &= 4a \int_{0}^1\frac{dt}{\sqrt{1-t^4}} = 4a\,\operatorname{arcsl}1 = 2\varpi a \\[6pt] &= \frac{\Gamma (1/4)^2}{\sqrt\pi}\,c =\frac{2\pi}{\operatorname{M}(1,1/\sqrt{2})}c\approx 7{.}416 \cdot c \end{align} where c and a = \sqrt{2}c are defined as above, \varpi = 2 \operatorname{arcsl}{1} is the lemniscate constant, \Gamma is the gamma function and \operatorname{M} is the arithmetic–geometric mean. ==Angles==

Given two distinct points \rm A and \rm B, let \rm M be the midpoint of \rm AB. Then the lemniscate of diameter \rm AB can also be defined as the set of points \rm A, \rm B, \rm M, together with the locus of the points \rm P such that |\widehat{\rm APM}-\widehat{\rm BPM}| is a right angle (cf. Thales' theorem and its converse). The following theorem about angles occurring in the lemniscate is due to German mathematician Gerhard Christoph Hermann Vechtmann, who described it 1843 in his dissertation on lemniscates. : and are the foci of the lemniscate, is the midpoint of the line segment and is any point on the lemniscate outside the line connecting and . The normal of the lemniscate in intersects the line connecting and in . Now the interior angle of the triangle at is one third of the triangle's exterior angle at (see also angle trisection). In addition the interior angle at is twice the interior angle at . ==Further properties==

• The lemniscate is symmetric to the line connecting its foci and and as well to the perpendicular bisector of the line segment . • The lemniscate is symmetric to the midpoint of the line segment . • The area enclosed by the lemniscate is . • The lemniscate is the circle inversion of a hyperbola and vice versa. • The two tangents at the midpoint are perpendicular, and each of them forms an angle of with the line connecting and . • The planar cross-section of a standard torus tangent to its inner equator is a lemniscate. • The curvature at (x,y) is {3\over a^2}\sqrt{x^2+y^2}. The maximum curvature, which occurs at (\pm a,0), is therefore 3/a. == See also ==