Letter of 34

Original Do Prezesa Rady Ministrów Józefa Cyrankiewicza Ograniczenia przydziału papieru na druk książek i czasopism oraz zaostrzenie cenzury prasowej stwarza sytuację zagrażającą rozwojowi kultury narodowej. Niżej podpisani, uznając istnienie opinii publicznej, prawa do krytyki, swobodnej dyskusji i rzetelnej informacji za konieczny element postępu, powodowani troską obywatelską, domagają się zmiany polskiej polityki kulturalnej w duchu praw zagwarantowanych przez konstytucję państwa polskiego i zgodnych z dobrem narodu. Translation to English To the prime minister Józef Cyrankiewicz Restrictions on the allocation of paper for printing books and magazines and the tightening of press censorship create a situation that threatens the development of national culture. The undersigned, recognizing the existence of public opinion, the right to criticism, free discussion and reliable information as a necessary element of progress, driven by civic concern, demand a change in Polish cultural policy in the spirit of rights guaranteed by the constitution of the Polish state and compatible with the good of the nation. Signatories • Jerzy Andrzejewski • Maria Dąbrowska • Stanisław Dygat • Karol Estreicher • • Aleksander Gieysztor • • Paweł Hertz • Leopold Infeld • Paweł Jasienica • Mieczysław Jastrun • Stefan Kisielewski • Zofia Kossak-Szczucka • Tadeusz Kotarbiński • Jan Kott • Anna Kowalska • Julian Krzyżanowski • • Edward Lipiński • Maria Ossowska • Stanisław Cat Mackiewicz • Jan Parandowski • Stanisław Pigoń • Adolf Rudnicki • Artur Sandauer • Wacław Sierpiński • Antoni Słonimski • Jan Szczepański • Władysław Tatarkiewicz • Jerzy Turowicz • Melchior Wańkowicz • Adam Ważyk • Kazimierz Wyka • Jerzy Zagórski. The author of the text was Antoni Słonimski, Jan Józef Lipski co-organized signing the letter. == Reception ==

The letter caused a reaction in the West. The Times published a letter criticizing the authorities of the Polish People's Republic, signed by 21 British writers and artists, including Arthur Koestler and Alan Bullock. In addition, 15 Italian intellectuals including Alberto Moravia and 13 Harvard professors defended the signatories. The letter caused the harassment and repression of its signatories and Tygodnik Powszechny by the authorities. Wańkowicz, was the most severely repressed, being arrested and accused of preparing and forwarding a text containing "false information slandering People's Poland". The writer was convicted and sentenced to three years in prison. However, the Communist authorities, wanting to avoid criticism, did not carry out the sentence, initially , and later the ruling was formally suspended. From 34 signatories of the Letter Konrad Górski withdrew his signature, after which he wrote a letter to Prime Minister Cyrankiewicz, in which he blamed Turowicz for drawing him into the matter. This letter was read by Zenon Kliszko at a meeting of the Writers' Union. Ten of the signatories of Letter 34 then signed another letter addressed to The Times, stating that Letter 34 was to be internal and they criticized Radio Free Europe. The letter was signed by: Aleksander Gieysztor, Konrad Górski, Leopold Infeld, Julian Krzyżanowski, Kazimierz Kumaniecki, Edward Lipiński, Wacław Sierpiński, Jan Szczepański, Władysław Tatarkiewicz and Kazimierz Wyka. Despite this, Polish intellectuals were supported by intellectuals from other countries and letters of support were published in the Italian Il Mondo and the French Le Figaro Littéraire. 13 Harvard professors signed a letter to the ambassador of the Polish People's Republic, and Berkeley professors did the same. == Bibliography ==