LGBTQ rights in Namibia

Homosexuality and same-sex relations have been documented among various modern-day Namibian groups. In the 18th century, the Khoikhoi people recognised the terms which refers to a man who is sexually receptive to another man, and , which refers to same-sex masturbation usually among friends. Anal intercourse and sexual relations between women also occurred, though more rarely. ==Legality of same-sex sexual activity==

The High Court of Namibia in Windhoek ruled that Namibia's common law crimes of “sodomy” and “unnatural sexual offences” were unconstitutional and invalid on 21 June 2024. Prior to the decision, there was no codified sodomy provision, but sodomy and unnatural sexual offences were crimes under the Roman-Dutch common law in force. Sodomy had been defined as "unlawful and intentional sexual relations between two human males." This therefore excluded sexual relations by heterosexual couples or lesbians. Section 299 of the Criminal Procedure Act of 2004 () made reference to evidentiary issues on a charge of sodomy or attempted sodomy. Schedule 1 of the Act grouped sodomy together with a list of other crimes for which police are authorised to make an arrest without a warrant or to use of deadly force in the course of that arrest, among other aspects (Sections 38, 42, 44, 63 and 112). Public displays of affection between two men can be considered "immoral" behaviour, which is punishable under the Combating of Immoral Practices Act of 1980 (). In August 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Committee released a report in Windhoek, Namibia's capital city, calling on the country to abolish its sodomy ban. Reacting to the committee's call, John Walters, the Ombudsman of Namibia whose office is mandated to promote and protect human rights, said that people should be free to live their lives as they see fit. Walters said: The Government of Namibia informed the United Nations that it has currently no intentions to repeal the sodomy law. Several lawmakers expressed different opinions, however, National Council Chairperson Margaret Mensah-Williams said, "irrespective of how uncomfortable it is, it is time that we should talk about the LGBTI community. They are part of our communities." Yvonne Dausab, chairperson of the Law Reform and Development Commission, said that the Constitution of Namibia lacks "sufficient language to describe and protect rights pertaining to the LGBTI plus community". In June 2024, a Namibia's high court declared two laws from the country's colonial era unconstitutional. The government has appealed the ruling in July 2024. ==Recognition of same-sex relationships==

In 2001, a Namibian woman and her German wife, Elisabeth Frank, sued to have their relationship recognised so that Frank could reside in Namibia. The Immigration Board granted the residence permit, and the State appealed to the Supreme Court. While the court ruled that Frank should be given a permanent residence permit, which she received a year later, it did not rule in favour of same-sex relationships. In January 2018, Digashu won a court petition to allow him to enter Namibia as the High Court continues to review their case. The ombudsman said that he is not opposed to the recognition of their marriage in Namibia. This ruling was overturned in December 2024, when a new act was signed into law which explicitly forbid same-sex marriages and the recognition of those performed abroad. ==Discrimination protections==

Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is not outlawed in Namibia. The Namibian Constitution includes the category "social status", which could be interpreted as covering LGBTQ people. Namibia is one of the rare cases in which a provision protecting people from discrimination based on sexual orientation was repealed by a legislative body. As early as 1992, local activists successfully lobbied to include "sexual orientation" among the prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Labour Act 1992. In 2004, a new labour law was discussed in Parliament and the inclusion of the term was a topic of heated debates, resulting in the exclusion of the term from the final text. However, this law never came into force. In August 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Committee called on the Government of Namibia to adopt legislation explicitly prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, including in the Labour Act (Act No. 11 of 2007). However, the Namibian Supreme Court overturned this specific case on technical grounds but did not address the larger issue of discrimination. Health The Ethical Guidelines for Health Professionals, issued in 2010 by The Health Professions Councils of Namibia, states that health professionals should: • Section 2.1.5 "Make sure his or her personal beliefs of the profession do not prejudice care of the patients. Beliefs that might prejudice care relate to the patient’s race, culture, ethnicity, social status, lifestyle, perceived economic worth, age, gender, disability, communicable disease status, sexual orientation, religious or spiritual beliefs, or any other condition of vulnerability." Mental health The Regulations relating to scope of practice of clinical psychologists and educational psychologists, issued in 2009 by the Ministry of Health and Social Services, considers "sexual and gender identity" as disorders. Hate speech The Broadcasting Code for Broadcasting Licensees 2018 (General Notice No. 602), issued by the Communications Regulatory Authority of Namibia, states the following: • Section 5 states "A broadcasting licensee may not broadcast material which contains, or which judged within the context contains, a scene or scenes, simulated or real, of any of the following: (e) sexual conduct which degrades a person in the sense that it advocates a particular form of hatred based on gender or sexual orientation and which constitutes incitement to cause harm." • Section 7(2) on "Violence and hate speech" states "A broadcasting licensee may not broadcast material which, judged within context, sanctions, promotes or glamorizes violence or unlawful conduct based on race, age, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, colour, nationality, religion, creed, gender, economic or social economic status, age or mental or physical disability." • Section 7(3) states "A broadcasting licensee may not broadcast material which, judged within context, amounts to - (b) incitement of imminent violence; or (c) is likely to incite, in a reasonable audience, hatred against, or serious contempt for, or severe ridicule of, any person or group of persons because of race, colour, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, disability, creed, sex, sexual orientation or preferences or gender and that constitutes incitement to cause harm." Hate crime laws LGBTQ people in Namibia face discrimination, harassment and violence. Additionally, similarly to neighbouring South Africa, lesbians are occasionally the victims of so-called corrective rape, where male rapists purport to raping the lesbian victim with the intent of 'curing' her of her sexual orientation. In August 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Committee called on Namibia to adopt hate crime legislation punishing homophobic and transphobic violence, and vigorously enforce it. ==Gender identity and expression==

The Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963 () states that: "The Secretary may on the recommendation of the Secretary of Health, alter in the birth register of any person who has undergone a change of sex, the description of the sex of such person and may for this purpose call for such medical reports and institute such investigations as he may deem necessary." It was reported in 2015 that applications for change of sex are done on a case-by-case basis and are not problematic, as long as a person can provide medical reports of their sex change, which includes undergoing sex reassignment surgery. Once the application is granted, a transgender person can apply for a new identity document and passport. In addition, a transgender person who has not had a "change of sex" could possibly use the Identification Act 2 of 1996. The act states that "if an identity document does not reflect correctly the particulars of the person to whom it was issued, or contains a photograph which is no longer a recognizable image of that person" the Minister shall cancel it and replace it with an improved identity document. ==Blood donation==

Individuals seeking to donate blood in Namibia must not have had more than one sexual partner within the past six months, irrespective of sexual orientation and gender. People "suspect of having contracted a sexually-transmitted disease such as HIV or syphilis" are not allowed to donate. ==Public opinion==

A 2016 Afrobarometer opinion poll found that 55% of Namibians would welcome, or would not be bothered by having, a homosexual neighbour. Namibia was one of only four countries in Africa polled with a majority in favour, the others being South Africa, Cape Verde and Mozambique. A 2021 Afrobarometer opinion poll found that 64% of respondents from Namibia would welcome or would not be bothered by having a homosexual neighbour. ==Living conditions==

In 2005, the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration, Teopolina Mushelenga, claimed that lesbians and gay men betrayed the fight for Namibian freedom, were responsible for the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and were an insult to African culture. In 2001, President Sam Nujoma warned about forthcoming purges against gays and lesbians in Namibia, saying "the police must arrest, imprison and deport homosexuals and lesbians found in Namibia." Home Affairs Minister Jerry Ekandjo in 2000 urged 700 newly graduated police officers to "eliminate" gays and lesbians "from the face of Namibia". Mr Gay Namibia 2011, Wendelinus Hamutenya, was the victim of a homophobic assault in December 2011 in Windhoek. In November 2012, Ricardo Amunjera was crowned Mr Gay Namibia. The pageant took place at a theatre-restaurant in the capital city, Windhoek. Amunjera went on to later marry his Motswana life partner Marc Omphemetse Themba in South Africa in 2013. In December 2013, McHenry Venaani, the president of the Popular Democratic Movement (formerly DTA), spoke out in favor of LGBTQ rights and said that people should be allowed to live their private lives without interference. There are reports of a widespread use of religious gay conversion therapy practices in Namibia. The city of Swakopmund held its first pride parade in June 2016. They both have continued annually since then and have not faced any impediments by the Namibian Government. In June 2017, around 200 people marched in a pride parade in Windhoek, and in December 2018, hundreds of people marched in parades in the cities of Windhoek and Swakopmund. In 2017, the Diversity Alliance of Namibia (DAN) was formed. The DAN is a collective of organisations representing sexual and gender minorities in Namibia. It includes the following organisations: Rights not Rescue Trust (RnRT), Tulinam, Young Feminist Movement of Namibia (Y-FEM), OutRight Namibia (ORN), Wings to Transcend Namibia (WTTN), Transgender Intersex and Androgynous Movement of Namibia (TIAMON), Rights for all Movement (RAM), Rural Dialogue Namibia, MPower Community Trust, and Voice of Hope Trust (VHT). The Alliance has elected Tulinam and RnRT as chair and vice-chair, respectively, and ORN as a secretariat and coordinating mechanism. On 17 May 2018, the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia, the Outreach Health drop-in-centre, which is Namibia's first LGBTQ health centre, was launched by OutRight Namibia in Windhoek. In November 2017, the first Namibian Lesbian Festival was held in Windhoek. More than sixty young lesbians from eight regions came together for a week of public performances and creative expression, with poetry, stories, music, drama and dance. The second edition of the festival occurred in November 2018. A few denominations, including the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia, tolerate LGBTQ Christians. Madelene Isaacks, a lesbian Christian, started the faith-based organisation Tulinam to help create safe spaces for sexual minorities in Namibian churches. ==Political support==

Support for LGBTQ rights among Namibian political parties is divided. Parties that support LGBTQ rights include the All People's Party and the Popular Democratic Movement. Parties that oppose LGBTQ rights include the Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters and the SWAPO Party Youth League. Other parties such as Affirmative Repositioning have no official stance on the issue. ==Summary table==