In the autumn of 1859, as the
Qing dynasty was plagued by the
Taiping Rebellion,
Nian rebellion and
Panthay rebellion, Li Yonghe, with two brothers Lan Chaoding () and Lan Chaozhu () raised a rebellion in their home province of Yunnan. They pledged to "kill rich landlords and officials" and to "defend the poor peasants." They used the name
Daming Shuntian (), or "Great
Ming following
Heaven". Li declared himself "King-following-Heaven" (), while Lan Chaoding and Lan Chaozhu were declared Grand Marshal and Vice Marshal respectively. In September 1859, Li and Lan became members of the outlaw brotherhood
Gelaohui, with whom they had significant contact with through the opium trafficking trade. The total casualties of the rebellion are estimated at over 100,000. The rebellion was one of the first in China to have explicitly anti-Western politics, framing Europeans and Americans as "enemies of Heaven." ==References==