Background and foundation (1986–1990) Librex Computer Systems was incorporated in
San Jose, California, in June 1990;
Nippon Steel formally introduced it in August 1990. Librex was the first venture in the United States for Nippon Steel's Electronics and Information Systems Division (EISD), which had sold software and hardware only in Japan. The incorporation of Librex came at a time when Nippon Steel, at the time the largest
steelmaking company in the world in terms of sales, was increasingly
diversifying its operations. Although computer companies investing in Japanese steel companies and vice versa was somewhat commonplace in the turn of the 1990s technology industry—EISD had ties to several American computer companies—Nippon Steel set out Librex to operate independently, which was described as a rarity. Said Susan MacKnight of the Washington-based Japan Economic Institute, no other steel company had "set up a wholly owned subsidiary [in] anything outside the steel business in this country" up to that point. Discussions within Nippon Steel to form an international computer company began in 1987 with the commissioning of EISD to research the manufacture of
workstations and
laptops. A slate of notebook computers were developed by EISD in partnership with the EISS laboratories of Tokyo and
Kanagawa, Japan. On Librex's incorporation in June 1990, the general manager of EISD, Toshiji Tanaka, was named president and
CFO of Librex and moved to San Jose. The subsidiary employed only 12 in August 1990, with 28 additional positions planned for creation by December; Librex projected 80 jobs in late 1991.
First products (1990–1991) Librex contracted the mass manufacturing of the company's initial product lineup, a duo of notebook computers, to an unnamed American firm. The Librex office in San Jose mostly handled sales and marketing and other operational duties, although the office did possess limited manufacturing facilities. shipping en masse in March 1991. The Librex 386SX was mostly positively received in
InfoWorld,
ABA Journal, and
PC Magazine.
The Baltimore Sun praised Librex for its unusually generous warranty policy for the price point of the Librex 386SX, which offered free replacement of defective notebooks within 24 hours for the first 100 days of ownership.
Subsequent lineups and dissolution (1991–1993) In November 1991, Librex unveiled the M486 and M386SL lines of notebooks. They were based on Intel's
486 and
386SL processors respectively and were compatible with an optional
docking station. Interfacing to the laptop through a 130-pin connector, the docking station added two 16-bit
ISA expansion slots, a
SCSI hard drive adapter, a passthrough for serial, parallel, and external monitor cables, and three 3.5-inch disk drive bays. Slated for an early 1992 release, they were shortly followed up by the introduction of the Librex T386SX, featuring a modular design that extended into the design of the caddy for the internal hard drive, which could be removed toollessly for replacement or stored away as a security precaution. It took proprietary
RAM modules for memory upgrades, supporting up to 12 MB of RAM from the stock 4 MB. The T386SX's floppy drive was external only, connected to the notebook via a detachable cable. The T386SX's case bore a rubberized coating to make it scratch-resistant and slip-proof. Like the Librex 386SX, it received mostly good reviews. Although Librex's laptops continued to receive high marks for their build quality, the company saw pressure in the crowded notebook market by the beginning of 1992. Amid falling profit margins, Nippon Steel announced in August 1992 that they would dissolve both Librex in the U.S. and Nippon Steel Computer PLC in the United Kingdom, Librex pulled their products from the market that month but continued to support customers until March 1993 while they discussed selling their capital and intellectual property to potential buyers. Librex partially reversed its stance, releasing the R386SL notebook—its last product—in late 1992 and slightly postponing its dissolution date to April 1993. In its three years of existence, Librex managed to attain the rank of the 47th largest personal computer maker in the United States by August 1992. Librex's San Jose headquarters at 1140 Ringwood Court later became home to
Synaptics. ==References==