List of Jim Crow law examples by state

• "It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor(s) upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment." This law was put in place in 1934. • The Alabama constitution of 1901 separated school houses for African Americans and White people. ==Arizona==

1864: Miscegenation [Statute]. Marriages between whites with "Black People, Indians" were declared illegal and void. The word "Descendants" does not appear in the statute. 1901: Miscegenation [Statute] Revision of the 1864 statute which added the word "descendants" to the list of minority groups. The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid, if legal, where they were contracted; but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony. 1909: Education [Statute] School district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children, only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district. The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor. 1911–1962: Segregation, miscegenation, voting [Statute] Passed six segregation laws: four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes, and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass a literacy test. The state's miscegenation laws prohibited blacks as well as Indians and Asians from marrying whites, and were not repealed until 1962. 1927: Education [Statute] In areas with 25 or more black high school students, an election would be called to determine if these pupils should be segregated in separate but equal facilities. 1928: Miscegenation [State Code] Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1942: Miscegenation [Judicial Decision] Supreme Court of Arizona interprets anti-miscegenation statute in a manner which prohibits persons of mixed racial heritage from marrying anyone. Court acknowledges that its interpretation is "absurd" and recommends that Legislature pass amendment thereto. 1956: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage of person of "Caucasian blood with Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu" void. Native Americans were originally included in an earlier statute, but were deleted by a 1942 amendment. ==California==

In this state, concern about Asian immigration produced more legislation against Chinese immigrants than against African Americans. In 1850 California statute provided that "no black, mulatto person, or Indian, shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of, or against a white man." In 1854, the Supreme Court of California held that the statute precluded persons of Chinese descent from testifying for or against a white man. "It can hardly be supposed that any Legislature would . . exclud[e] domestic negroes and Indians, . . . and turn loose upon the community the more degraded tribes of the same species, who have nothing in common with us." California's constitution stated that "no native of China" shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in the state." Similar provisions appeared in the constitutions of Oregon and Idaho... 1866–1947: Segregation, voting [Statute] Enacted 17 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1947 in the areas of miscegenation (6) and education (2), employment (1) and a residential ordinance passed by the city of San Francisco that required all Chinese inhabitants to live in one area of the city. Similarly, a miscegenation law passed in 1901 broadened an 1850 law, adding that it was unlawful for white persons to marry "Mongolians." 1860–1880; 1885: Education [Statute] Children of "Negroes, Mongolians, and Indians" must attend separate schools. Later amended in 1864 to enable a separate school to be established upon the written request of the parents of ten such children. "A less number may be provided for in separate schools in any other manner." Enrollment in public schools restricted to white children only in 1866, and the first mention of separate but equal was made. In 1870, the requirement to educate Chinese children was dropped entirely and separate schools were repealed in 1880, but reestablished for Chinese students in 1885. 1872: Alcohol sales [Statute] Prohibited the sale of liquor to Indians. The act remained legal until its repeal in 1920, when Prohibition made it redundant. 1879: Voter rights [Constitution] "No native of China" would ever have the right to vote in the state of California. Repealed in 1926. 1879: Employment [Constitution] Prohibited public bodies from employing Chinese and called upon the legislature to protect "the state…from the burdens and evils arising from" their presence. A statewide anti-Chinese referendum was passed by 99.4 percent of voters in 1879. 1880: Miscegenation [Statute] Made it illegal for white persons to marry a "Negro, mulatto, or Mongolian." 1890: Residential [City Ordinance] The city of San Francisco ordered all Chinese inhabitants to move into a certain area of the city within six months or face imprisonment. The Bingham Ordinance was later found to be unconstitutional by a federal court. 1891: Residential [Statute] Required all Chinese to carry with them at all times a "certificate of residence." Without it, a Chinese immigrant could be arrested and jailed. 1894: Voter rights [Constitution] Any person who could not read the Constitution in English or write his name would be disfranchised. An advisory referendum indicated that nearly 80 percent of voters supported an educational requirement. 1901: Miscegenation [Statute] The 1850 law prohibiting marriage between white persons and Negroes or mulattoes was amended, adding "Mongolian." 1909: Miscegenation [Statute] Persons of Japanese descent were added to the list of undesirable marriage partners of white Californians as noted in the earlier 1880 statute. 1913: Property [Statute] Known as the "Alien Land Laws," Asian immigrants were prohibited from owning or leasing property. The California Supreme Court struck down the Alien Land Laws in 1952. 1931: Miscegenation [State Code] Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races. 1933: Miscegenation [Statute] Broadened earlier miscegenation statute to also prohibit marriages between whites and Malays. 1945: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage between whites and "Negroes, mulattos, Mongolians and Malays." 1947: Miscegenation [Statute] Subjected U.S. servicemen and Japanese women who wanted to marry to rigorous background checks. Barred the marriage of Japanese women to white servicemen if they were employed in undesirable occupations. ==Colorado==

1864: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and white persons "absolutely void." Penalty: Fine between $50 and $550, or imprisonment between three months and two years, or both. 1864–1908: [Statute] Passed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908, all concerning miscegenation. School segregation was barred in 1876, followed by ending segregation of public facilities in 1885. Four laws protecting civil liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957 when the anti-miscegenation statute was repealed. 1908: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and whites prohibited. Penalties: Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of between $50 and $500. Performing a marriage ceremony punishable by a fine of $50 to $500, or three months to two years' imprisonment, or both. 1930: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor. ==Connecticut==

1879: Military [Statute] Authorized state to organize four independent companies of infantry of "colored men". Companies were to receive same pay as other companies, including one company parade in the Spring and one in September. 1935: Education [Statute] Upheld school segregation as originally authorized by statute of 1869. ==Florida==

in Punta Gorda with separate White and "Colored" entrances, a common feature among railroad stations in the Southeast US during the Jim Crow period. • "All courtships between a white person and a Negro person, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited" • "Any Black man and white woman, or any white man and/or Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars." • "The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately." Integrated education was prohibited in Florida's Constitution of 1885. • The following is a list of legislation and penalties dealing with racial relations in Florida, some of which were in effect until passage of Florida's current Constitution in 1967: • 1865: Railroad statute – "Negroes or mulattoes who intruded into any railroad car reserved for white persons would be found guilty of a misdemeanor." Whites faced the same penalty for entering a car reserved for persons of color. • 1873: Barred public accommodation segregation statute – prohibited discrimination on account of race in the full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations such as inns, public transportation, theaters, schools, cemeteries and places of public amusement. This did not include private schools or cemeteries established exclusively for white or colored persons. (See Reconstruction Era.) • 1885: Education (constitution) – "White and colored children shall not be taught in the same school." • 1887: Railroads statute – "All respectable Negro persons" to be sold first-class tickets at the same rates as white passengers and shall be provided a separate car "equally as good and provided with the same facilities for comfort as for white persons." Conductors and railroad companies violating the provisions of the law faced a fine up to $500. • 1887: Education (constitution) – white and colored children were prohibited from being taught in the same schools. • 1895: Education [Statute] – a Penal offense for any persons to conduct any school, any grade, either public or private where whites and blacks are instructed or boarded in the same building or taught in the same class by the same teachers. Penalty: Between $150 and $500 fine, or imprisonment in the county jail between three and six months. • 1905: Streetcars [Statute] – Separation of races required on all streetcars. • 1907: Railroads [Statute] – Separate waiting rooms for each race to be provided at railroad depots along with separate ticket windows. Also called for a separation of the races on streetcars. • 1909: Railroads [Statute] – Separate accommodations required by race. • 1913: Education [Statute] – Unlawful for white teachers to teach Negroes in Negro schools, and for Negro teachers to teach in white schools. • 1927: Education [Statute] – a Criminal offense for teachers of one race to instruct pupils of the other in public schools. • 1958: Education [Statute] – County boards of education may adopt a regulation for closing schools during emergencies. Schools to close automatically when federal troops used to prevent violence. • 1958: Public Carrier [Statute] – Races to be segregated on public carriers. • 1967: Public accommodations [City Ordinance] – Sarasota passed a city ordinance stating that "Whenever members of two or more races shall be upon any public...bathing beach within the corporate limits of the City of Sarasota, it shall be the duty of the Chief of police or another officer...in charge of the public forces of the city... with the assistance of such police forces, to clear the area involved of all members of all races present. ==Illinois==

1927: Housing [Municipal Code] • Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927. In 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of racial restrictive covenants was unconstitutional. 1953: Housing In August 1953, the first black family moved into Trumbull Park, a formerly all-white project of the Chicago Housing Authority. ==Indiana==

Enacted seven Jim Crow laws in the areas of education and miscegenation between 1869 and 1952. Persons who violated the miscegenation law could be imprisoned between one and ten years. The state barred school segregation in 1877, followed by a law giving equal access to public facilities in 1885. 1869: Education [Statute] Separate schools to be provided for black children. If not a sufficient number of students to organize a separate school, trustees were to find other means of educating black children. 1905: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation prohibited. 1952: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between whites and Negroes void. 1955: Adoption [Statute] Required that due regard be given to race on adoption petition. ==Kansas==

Segregation laws in Kansas dealt primarily with education. The state constitution of 1859 specified separate African American schools. This practice continued until 1954. ==Kentucky==

1866: Miscegenation This law prohibited whites from marrying any African American who is more than 12% African American (meaning having a blood relation up to the third generation to an African American). Penalty of not following this law was a felony that was punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary up to five years. 1866: Education This gave all school district trustees the right to create separate schools for African American children. 1873: Education It was unlawful for a black child to attend a white school, and vice versa. No separate colored school was allowed to be located within of a separate white school. This law excluded schools in cities and towns but did not allow the schools in those areas within six hundred feet of the other. 1890: Railroads All railway companies were required to provide separate but equal accommodations for white and colored passengers. Penalty to do so resulted in the passengers or conductors receiving a fine of $25 or imprisonment for 20 days. Any officers and directors of railway companies that fail to follow this law were found guilty of a misdemeanor and could be fined between $100 and $500. This law excluded streetcars. 1892: Railroads Railroads were to provide separate coaches for white and colored passengers. Signs stating the race for each car must be posted. Penalty to do so was railway companies that failed could be fined from $500 to $1,500. Any conductors who failed to enforce the law were to be fined from $50 to $100. 1893: Miscegenation Any marriage between a white person and an African American or mixed citizen was prohibited. 1894: Railroads Railroad stations must provide separate but equal waiting rooms for the white and colored passengers. A sign posting what race was in what room was to be seeable by everyone. Penalty to do so would end in a fine $25 or imprisoned up to 30 days. Any agents failing to enforce the law were found guilty of misdemeanor that was punishable by a fine of $25 to $50. 1894: Miscegenation Any marriage between a person of color and a white person was prohibited. 1902: Streetcars All streetcars must provide separate but equal accommodations to a passenger of any race. The failure to do so ended with such penalties as passengers or conductors could receive a fine of $25 or imprisonment up to 30 days. Any railway company that refused to follow could receive a fine of $100 or imprisonment between two and six months. 1904: Education It was unlawful to maintain or operate any college, school, or institution where persons of the white and African American races are both allowed to attend. This law did not prohibit private schools or colleges from maintaining a segregated school in a different location for each race no less than . The penalty for not following this law resulted in any violators receiving a $1,000 fine. The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the statute in Berea College v. Kentucky. 1908: Public Accommodation It was unlawful for whites and blacks to purchase and consume alcohol on the same location. Penalty for this act was a misdemeanor punishable by a fine from $50 to $500 or an imprisonment in the parish prison or jail up to two years. 1908: Miscegenation Cohabitation of a white person and an African American without legal marriage is a felony. Penalty for committing such an act resulted in imprisonment from one month to one year, with or without hard labor. 1909: Health Care An institution for the education of colored deaf mutes was to be established. But segregation in this school was to still be enforced. 1912: Residential Building permits for building Negro houses in white communities, or any portion of a community inhabited principally by white people, and vice versa prohibited. Penalty: violators fined from $50 to $2,000, "and the municipality shall have the right to cause said building to be removed and destroyed." 1914: Public Accommodation All circuses, shows and tent exhibitions were required to provide two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers and two entrances to the performance for each race. 1915: Education No white children were allowed to attend any graded common school for colored children and vice versa. 1918: Prisons This law allowed the segregation of races in all municipal, parish, and state prisons. 1921: Education This law called for separate public schools for the education of white and black children between the ages of six and eighteen. 1921: Housing This prohibited African American and white families from living in the same home. 1928: Education This gave separate textbooks for white and African American school children. 1928: Public Carrier Separate but equal accommodations were required to be provided on all forms of public transportation. 1932: Residential No person or businesses were allowed to rent an apartment in an apartment complex or other housing buildings to a person who differs in race from the other occupants. 1932: Miscegenation All interracial marriages were outlawed. Invalidated interracial marriages if the parties went to another legal power where such marriages were legal. Marriages between African Americans and Native Americans were also prohibited. 1933: Public Accommodations Establishment of segregated libraries for different races was authorized. 1934: Education All schools were required to be racially segregated. 1942: Health Care There were to be separate but equal accommodations for whites and African Americans provided in nursing homes. 1944: Miscegenation Any marriage between a white person and an African American or racially mixed citizen was prohibited. Penalty to follow this law was a fine of $500 to $5,000. If the people continued to be interracially married the result would be imprisonment in prison from three to twelve months. 1944: Railroads Separate coaches for white and African American passengers were required. 1948: Barred School Segregation This law did not allow African American physicians and nurses to take postgraduate courses in public hospitals and Louisville. 1950: Barred School Segregation African Americans were allowed to attend colleges and universities under two conditions. These conditions are that if comparable courses were not available at Kentucky's African American College in Frankfort, KY and the school's governing body had to approve of this act. 1951: Miscegenation Any intimate relation between whites and African Americans was illegal. Failure to follow this law ended in fines up to $1,000, up to five years in prison, or both. 1951: Adoption Interracial adoptions were banned. 1952: Miscegenation Interracial marriages were prohibited. Penalty of failing to follow this law was Up to $1,000 and/or five years in prison. 1953: Health Care It was required to establish separate tuberculosis hospitals for each race. This law was then repealed in 1954. 1956: Public Carriers This law revised older laws that required common carriers to provide separate waiting rooms for white intrastate passengers and for African American intrastate passengers. 1956: Employment Provided that all persons, firms, or corporations create separate bathroom facilities for members of the white and African American races employed by them or allowed to come into the business. In addition, separate rooms to eat in as well as separate eating and drinking utensils were required to be provided for members of the white and African American races. Not following this law gave to offender a misdemeanor, a fine of $100 to $1,000, or 60 days to one year in prison. 1956: Recreation All businesses were prohibited from permitting any dancing, social functions, entertainments, athletic training, games, sports or contests on their premises in which the participants are members of the white and African American races. 1956: Public Accommodations All public parks, recreation centers, playgrounds, etc. were required to be segregated. 1956: Public Carrier All forms of public transportation were to be segregated. 1957: Education All public schools were required to be racially segregated. 1957: Education There were to be no state funds to non-segregated schools. 1960: Voting Rights The races of all candidates were to be written on the ballots. ==Louisiana==

1890 Separate Car Act, violations of the law were a misdemeanor crime punishable by a fine of at most $25 or twenty days in jail 1900 "Any person who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and will be fined $2,000."] ==Maryland==

• 1904: "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers." ==Massachusetts==

The term "Jim Crow Law" was first used in 1841 in reference to a Massachusetts law that required the railways to provide a separate car for black passengers and the "separate but equal" doctrine, Massachusetts. • 1705: The Massachusetts colonial legislature passes law prohibiting marriage and fornication between negroes or mulattoes and whites. In 1786, the ban on fornication was removed, but the ban on mixed marriages was expanded to include Indians. • 1840–1850: Public schools in the communities of Salem, Nantucket, and Boston, Massachusetts, were separated on racial criteria. In 1855 segregation in public education was officially abolished with a law by the Massachusetts legislature. ==Mississippi==

• "printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both • "Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate... certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof, or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons." • "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race." • Racial Integrity Act of 1924 ==Missouri==

• "Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored..." ==Montana==

Four Jim Crow laws were enacted in Montana between 1871 and 1921. The school segregation act was repealed in 1895. A 1909 miscegenation law prohibited marriage between Caucasians and blacks as well as Chinese and Japanese. 1871: Education [Statute] Children of African descent would be provided separate schools. 1897: Voting rights [Statute] Excluded "any person living on an Indian or military reservation" from residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of the state and is in the employment of the government while living on a reservation. Without residency, a person could not vote. 1897: Residency [Statute] An 1897 statute excluded "any person living on an Indian or military reservation" from residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of MT and is in the employ of the government while living on a reservation." 1909: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited intermarriage between whites and Negroes, Chinese and Japanese. Penalty: Misdemeanor, carrying a fine of $500 or imprisonment of one month, or both. 1921: Miscegenation [State Code] Miscegenation prohibited. Nullified interracial marriages if parties went to another jurisdiction where legal. Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races. ==Nebraska==

1865: Miscegenation [Statute] Declared marriage between whites and a Negro or mulatto as illegal. Penalty: Misdemeanor, with a fine up to $100, or imprisonment in the county jail up to six months, or both. 1911: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriages between a white and colored person declared illegal. Also noted that marriages between whites and those persons with one-quarter or more Negro blood were void. 1929: Miscegenation [Statute] Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian race and those persons with one eighth or more Asian blood. 1943: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage of whites with anyone with one-eighth or more Negro, Japanese or Chinese blood. ==Nevada==

Enacted four miscegenation laws and a school segregation statute between 1865 and 1957. The education statute declared that blacks, Asians and Indians were prohibited from attending public schools, and that a separate school would be established for them if "deemed advisable." The state's miscegenation law offered an extensive list of inappropriate marriage candidates by race and color for Caucasians, including blacks, "Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red race." The miscegenation statute was repealed in 1959. 1865: Education [Statute] Negroes, Asians, and Indians prohibited from attending public schools. The Board of Trustees of any district could establish a separate school for educating Negroes, Asians, and Indians, if deemed advisable. 1912: Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for a white person to intermarry with any person of "Ethiopian or black race, Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red race, within the State." Penalty: Misdemeanor for participants and the minister who performs such a ceremony. White persons found to be living with the above-mentioned groups would be fined between $100 and $500, or confined in the county jail from six months to one year, or both. 1929: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor. Also forbade marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1955: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation illegal. Penalty: $500 to $1,000 and/or six months to one year imprisonment. 1957: Miscegenation [Statute] Gross misdemeanor for white to marry person of black, brown, or yellow race. ==New Mexico==

• "Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or others descent." ==North Carolina==

• "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools but shall continue to be used by the race first using them." (written in 1889) • "The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library to read books or periodicals." ==North Dakota==