The settlement began life as a small short-lived military establishment guarding a road
crossing of the
River Kennet. It later became a small fortlet to protect the river Kennet route for water-borne transport. From 70 AD the road was still used and the site passed to local ownership with circular huts and in 120 a Roman-style rectangular timber building replaced them (the West Range). In 170 this was replaced by a large two-storeyed winged stone corridor villa with integral bath suite. In the 3rd century the surrounding towns and countryside prospered, reflected in major changes to the villa. In 190 a larger kitchen was added to the rear of the west range, and in 220 the central room was fitted with a hypocaust, and in the baths a hot dry-heat room (
laconicum) was added and the cold-plunge was rebuilt with steps. In 250–260 the wings of the villa were extended with more buildings. In 270–280 all the outer rooms and corridors of the west range were demolished and rebuilt. The baths in the west range were removed and all the hypocaust floors filled in to create a new set of rooms with mosaic floors. Wings connected by a first-floor veranda at the front of the house were completed with corner towers, the south tower having a hypocaust. The south range barn was converted into a residential building with bath suite. In 290 the east wing was built completing the enclosure offour wings, and including a large stable block and an impressive gatehouse, the grandest in Britain, with three arched vaults supporting long rooms on the floor above, possibly for grain. The large building in which the Orpheus mosaic was later inserted was built next to the river in 60–80 as a round house and around 100 was converted to an open-sided barn with corn dryers and bread ovens In 300 a small bath suite was inserted. In 310–350 the baths were extended. The corn-dryer was demolished and replaced by a cold bathroom (
frigidarium) and a changing room (
apodyterium) with fireplace. The middle of the 4th century saw much upheaval in Roman Britain when many towns and villas were damaged. At Littlecote, in 360, the barn-like part was converted into a courtyard, and the
triconch hall was built alongside, with its own elaborate bath suite. Upon its floor was laid the now famous
Orpheus mosaic. Also major changes in the functions of the villa took place, from
numismatic evidence, as farming ceased but the exotic Orpheus Hall suggests that the site was converted to a religious centre dedicated to the cult of Orpheus and Bacchus which dates to ancient Greece. Many of the buildings were demolished or fell into decay around 400, shortly after the
Theodosian legislation against paganism and before the
Roman withdrawal from Britain. Two
sub-Roman timber structures have been identified on the site. ==See also==